Notes for HTML - Overview - Condensed
By Scott Granneman & Jans Carton
Find the presentation at http://www.granneman.com/presentations/
## Slide 2
https://granneman.com/downloads/web-dev/HTML-Overview-for-Short-Courses.txt
## Slide 4
Some HTML elements are conveniences for avoiding writing CSS (e.g., , , ) or for structure (
& )
Some CSS inserts content (e.g., ::before & ::after) or modifies behavior (e.g., animate & transition)
Some JavaScript modifies HTML & CSS to change meaning or presentation, not for behavior
Wikipedia contributors. “Separation of concerns”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 17 June 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 6
WHATWG. “4 The elements of HTML”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#semantics. Web. 8 July 2022.
MDN contributors. “HTML elements reference”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 11
WHATWG. “4.1.1 The html element”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/semantics.html#the-html-element. Web. 29 Mar. 2022.
## Slide 12
WHATWG. “4.2.1 The head element”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/semantics.html#the-head-element. Web. 29 Mar. 2022.
## Slide 13
WHATWG. “4.3.1 The body element”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/sections.html#the-body-element. Web. 29 Mar. 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Document Body element”. MDN Web Docs, 21 Apr 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/body. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 18
WHATWG. “4.2.5 The meta element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/semantics.html#the-meta-element. Web. 6 Feb. 2022.
## Slide 19
shrink-to-fit: Aderinokun, Ire. “The Problem with iOS Safari and shrink-to-fit”. bitsofcode, 5 Apr. 2016, https://bitsofco.de/ios-safari-and-shrink-to-fit/. Web. 30 Mar 2022.
## Slide 20
WHATWG. “4.2.2 The title element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/semantics.html#the-title-element. Web. 6 Feb. 2022.
## Slide 22
“On-Page Ranking Factors”. Moz, https://moz.com/learn/seo/on-page-factors. Web. 28 December 2021.
“Title Tag”. Moz, https://moz.com/learn/seo/title-tag. Web. 28 December 2021.
## Slide 23
Granneman, Scott. “The title page of the 3rd edition of the Encyclopedia Brittanica [1797]”. Chainsaw on a Tire Swing, 4 July 2015, https://chainsawonatireswing.com/2015/07/04/title-page-of-3rd-edition-of-encyclopedia-brittanica/. Web. 21 December 2021.
## Slide 27
“Inland Bearded Dragon”. Saint Louis Zoo, 1 Feb. 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20190201120255/https://www.stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/reptiles/lizards/inlandbeardeddragon. Web. 6 Feb 2022.
## Slide 30
WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022.
MDN contributors. “
–
: The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 31
WebSanity. “HTML: Simple Webpage, Corrected & No Deprecations”. CodePen, 20 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/jOGwKxB?editors=1000. Web. 20 Dec. 2021.
## Slide 32
WHATWG. “4.4.1 The p element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-p-element. Web. 6 Feb. 2022.
MDN contributors. “
: The Paragraph element”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/p. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 33
WebSanity. “HTML: p element”. CodePen, 1 May 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/zYBPmo?editors=1000. Web. 6 Feb 2022.
## Slide 34
All will validate. 1st one is best because it’s easy to scan down your code & make sure you closed all start tags. 2nd is OK if you have a very short amount of content. 3rd one is bad form & makes no sense.
## Slide 35
Christian’s Rule
When you save your file in your editor with auto-formatting on, it will format like this, which you do not want
## Slide 36
Free-floating text might not go in a
— e.g., you might use a
,
, or
— but it has to go into something
## Slide 37
“4.5.27 The br element”. HTML Living Standard, WHATWG, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-br-element. Web. 6 Feb. 2022.
MDN contributors. “ : The Line Break element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/br. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 38
WebSanity. “HTML: br element”. CodePen, 24 Apr. 2014,https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/YzWQEE?editors=1000. Web. 6 Feb 2022.
Frost, Robert. Excerpt from “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”. Poetry Foundation, 5 Feb. 2022, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/42891/stopping-by-woods-on-a-snowy-evening. Web. 6 Feb 2022.
## Slide 40
WebSanity. “HTML: br element - problems with 2 br in a row”. CodePen, 27 June 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/pogrqgv?editors=1100. Web. 6 Feb 2022.
Lovecraft, H. P. Excerpt from“The Dunwich Horror”. Lovecraft Stories, http://www.lovecraft-stories.com/story/the-dunwich-horror. Web. 6 Feb 2022.
FIXME change screenshots?
## Slide 41
WebSanity. “HTML: br element - problems with 2 br in a row”. CodePen, 27 June 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/pogrqgv?editors=1100. Web. 6 Feb 2022.
Lovecraft, H. P. Excerpt from“The Dunwich Horror”. Lovecraft Stories, http://www.lovecraft-stories.com/story/the-dunwich-horror. Web. 6 Feb 2022.
## Slide 42
“13.1.2 Elements”. HTML Living Standard, WHATWG, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#void-elements. Web. 6 Feb. 2022.
MDN contributors. “Empty element”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Empty_element. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 43
“13.1.2 Elements”. HTML Living Standard, WHATWG, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#void-elements. Web. 6 Feb. 2022.
MDN contributors. “Empty element”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Empty_element. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
For more on void elements, see our presentations Web Development: The Absolute Basics & HTML Overview in Categorization
## Slide 44
The first adds additional new line to the start of the paragraph, which never makes sense (if you want additional margining above a paragraph, use CSS)
With thanks to the great Ogden Nash
TODO: CodePen this
## Slide 45
Chris’s Rule
## Slide 46
WebSanity. “HTML: Your first webpage”. CodePen, 30 June 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLKyxmr?editors=1000. Web. 30 June 2022.
Smith, Linell Nash, editor. The Best of Ogden Nash. Chicago: Iver R. Dee (2007). 163.
## Slide 48
WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022.
MDN contributors. “
–
: The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 49
WebSanity. “Setting up a WebSanity Server: Linode”. WebSanity Tech Wiki, 2 Mar. 2016. Web. 2 Mar. 2016.
Muller, Britney & the MOZ staff. “On-Page SEO”. MOZ, https://moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo/on-page-seo. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
FIXME add screenshot showing accessibility
## Slide 50
WebSanity. “HTML: h1–h6 elements”. CodePen, 25 Apr. 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/ptgzc. Web. 25 Apr. 2014.
## Slide 51
WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022.
MDN contributors. “
–
: The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 53
Daggett, John & Myles C. Maxfield & Chris Lilley. “3.5. Font size: the font-size property”. CSS Fonts Module Level 3, 20 Sept. 2018, https://www.w3.org/TR/css-fonts-3/#font-size-prop. Web. 30 Mar. 2022.
## Slide 54
Daggett, John & Myles C. Maxfield & Chris Lilley. “3.5. Font size: the font-size property”. CSS Fonts Module Level 3, 20 Sept. 2018, https://www.w3.org/TR/css-fonts-3/#font-size-prop. Web. 30 Mar. 2022.
## Slide 55
Muller, Britney & the MOZ staff. “On-Page SEO”. MOZ, https://moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo/on-page-seo. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 56
WHATWG. “3.2.5.2.4 Heading content”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#heading-content. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 57
Brealey, Richard A., Stewart C. Myers, & Franklin Allen. Principles of Corporate Finance, 10th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill (2010). 9.
## Slide 58
WebSanity. “HTML: headings create implied sections”. CodePen, 3 Aug. 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/BwbYVp?editors=1000. Web. 3 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 59
WebSanity. “HTML: headings create implied sections”. CodePen, 3 Aug. 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/BwbYVp?editors=1000. Web. 3 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 61
WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022.
MDN contributors. “
–
: The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 62
WebSanity. “HTML: h1-h6 ordering”. CodePen, 25 Apr. 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/AoapB. Web. 25 Apr. 2014.
## Slide 65
Google gives extra weight to words inside headings; Google gives no extra weight to words inside paragraphs
FIXME screenshot
## Slide 69
WebSanity. “HTML: 3 kinds of lists”. CodePen, 27 Nov. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/bGobgBy?editors=1000. Web. 27 Nov. 2021.
## Slide 71
WHATWG. “4.4.8 The li element”. HTML Living Standard, 31 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-li-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
MDN contributors. “
: The List Item element”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Nov. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/li. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 72
WebSanity. “HTML: ul, ol, & li elements”. CodePen, 26 Sept. 2019, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/xxKeLeZ?editors=1000. Web. 26 Sept. 2019.
## Slide 74
WHATWG. “4.4.6 The ul element”. HTML Living Standard, 31 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ul-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
MDN contributors. “
: The Unordered List element”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Nov. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/ul. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 75
WebSanity. “HTML: ul & li elements”. CodePen, 27 Apr. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/MWeZdE?editors=1000. Web. 27 Apr. 2014.
## Slide 76
WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 31 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Ordered List element”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/ol. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 77
WebSanity. “HTML: ol & li elements”. CodePen, 1 May 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/dyXwxL?editors=1000. Web. 1 May 2014.
Wikipedia contributors. “Gnomes (South Park)”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Nov. 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnomes_(South_Park)&oldid=1056283403. Web. 9 Feb. 2022.
## Slide 78
a (lowercase letters), A (uppercase letters), i (lowercase Roman numerals), I (uppercase Roman numerals), & 1 (Arabic numerals)
WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 31 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Ordered List element”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/ol. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 79
WebSanity. “HTML: ol element with reversed attribute”. CodePen, 5 Feb. 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/zYPoKav?editors=1000. Web. 5 Feb. 2022.
## Slide 80
WebSanity. “HTML: ol element with start attribute”. CodePen, 5 Feb. 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/zYPooYo?editors=1000. Web. 5 Feb. 2022.
## Slide 81
Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “Reversed attribute of ordered lists”. Can I use…, https://caniuse.com/ol-reversed. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
## Slide 82
Eddie’s Rule
## Slide 85
WHATWG. “13.1.4 Character references”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#character-references. Web. 6 Feb. 2022.
MDN contributors. “Entity”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Entity. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 86
WHATWG. “13.1.4 Character references”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#character-references. Web. 6 Feb. 2022.
MDN contributors. “Entity”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Entity. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 87
Wikipedia contributors. "List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=1080815017. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
lhunt. “Character Entity Reference Chart”. W3C Public CVS Repository, 2009, https://dev.w3.org/html5/html-author/charref. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
## Slide 88
WHATWG. “13.1.4 Character references”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#character-references. Web. 6 Feb. 2022.
MDN contributors. “Entity”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Entity. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 89
Wikipedia contributors. "List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=1080815017. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
lhunt. “Character Entity Reference Chart”. W3C Public CVS Repository, 2009, https://dev.w3.org/html5/html-author/charref. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
¶ is the pilcrow, or paragraph sign
## Slide 90
WebSanity. “HTML: character entities”. CodePen, 4 Apr. 2021, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/sypxK. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
## Slide 91
WHATWG. “13.1.4 Character references”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#character-references. Web. 6 Feb. 2022.
MDN contributors. “Entity”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Entity. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 92
Wikipedia contributors. "List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=1080815017. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
## Slide 93
The Basic Latin block, the 1st in Unicode, contains all the letters & control codes of ASCII: 128 characters, including C0 controls (e.g., null, bell, backspace, line feed, & escape), ASCII punctuation & symbols, ASCII digits, both uppercase & lowercase letters of English alphabet, & the delete control character (, 2020-08-06)
“UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Basic Latin’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/basic_latin/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 94
“UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Latin-1 Supplement’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/latin_supplement/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020.
Capitalization of letters does not matter — usually all letters are capitalized, but you don’t have to
## Slide 95
↑ is 2191 • ↬ is 21aC • ⇉ is 21c9 • ⇦ is 21e6
“UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Arrows’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/arrows/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 96
↑ is 2191 • ↬ is 21aC • ⇉ is 21c9 • ⇦ is 21e6
“UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Arrows’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/arrows/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 97
↑ is 2191 • ↬ is 21aC • ⇉ is 21c9 • ⇦ is 21e6
“UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Arrows’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/arrows/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 98
↑ is 2191 • ↬ is 21aC • ⇉ is 21c9 • ⇦ is 21e6
“UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Arrows’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/arrows/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 99
↑ is 2191 • ↬ is 21aC • ⇉ is 21c9 • ⇦ is 21e6
“UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Arrows’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/arrows/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 100
Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=967855330. Web. 6 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 101
Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=967855330. Web. 6 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 102
Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=967855330. Web. 6 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 103
WebSanity. “HTML: character entities”. CodePen, 4 Apr 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/ZEpRrR?editors=1000. Web. 8 July 2022.
Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=967855330. Web. 6 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 104
Wikipedia contributors. “Non-breaking space”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Feb 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-breaking_space. Web. 8 July 2022.
Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=967855330. Web. 6 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 105
WebSanity. “HTML: nbsp character entity”. CodePen, 5 May 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/xxEzWB?editors=1000. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 106
Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=967855330. Web. 6 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 107
“Unicode Character Search”. FileFormat.Info, http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm. Web. 6 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 108
“Unicode Blocks”. FileFormat.Info, http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/index.htm. Web. 6 Aug. 2020.
## Slide 133
the blowup [@theblowup]. “Overflowing garbage can”. Unsplash, 17 Nov. 2020, https://unsplash.com/photos/t06aN6vewaQ. Web. 11 Feb 2022.
Licensed from Unsplash: https://unsplash.com/license.
## Slide 134
⌥ = Option/Alt
⇧ = Shift
## Slide 137
CSS - Typography covers a few special kinds of spaces & punctuation marks where you really need to use character entities
## Slide 139
i2 = −1 defined imaginary numbers
## Slide 140
Mooney, Kate. “The Em Dash Divides”. The New York Times (August 14, 2019). https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/14/style/em-dash-punctuation.html.
## Slide 141
Minus sign is slightly thinner than en dash & has a sliver of space between itself & adjacent characters
## Slide 144
WHATWG. “4.4.2 The hr element”. HTML Living Standard, 11 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-hr-element. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Thematic Break (Horizontal Rule) element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/hr. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 145
WebSanity. “HTML: hr element”. CodePen, 26 Apr. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/abZjgW?editors=1000. Web. 26 Apr. 2014.
## Slide 147
WHATWG. “4.4.4 The blockquote element”. HTML Living Standard, 11 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-blockquote-element. Web.
MDN contributors. “
(see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/pre) & (see Character References for more)
## Slide 151
WHATWG. “4.4.14 The main element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-main-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
MDN contributors. “”. MDN, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/main. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
## Slide 152
WHATWG. “4.4.14 The main element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-main-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
MDN contributors. “”. MDN, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/main. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
## Slide 153
WHATWG. “4.4.14 The main element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-main-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
MDN contributors. “”. MDN, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/main. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
## Slide 155
MDN contributors. “”. MDN, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/main.html. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “HTML5 semantic elements”. Can I use…, https://caniuse.com/html5semantic. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
## Slide 156
Group
## Slide 160
WHATWG. “3.2.6 Global attributes”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#global-attributes. Web. 8 July 2022.
MDN contributors. “Global attributes”. MDN Web Docs, 1 July 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes. Web. 8 July 2022.
MDN contributors. “Using ARIA: Roles, states, and properties”. MDN Web Docs, 17 May 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/ARIA/ARIA_Techniques. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 162
WHATWG. “3.2.6 Global attributes”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#classes. Web. 8 July 2022.
MDN contributors. “class”. MDN Web Docs, 17 May 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/class. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 163
WHATWG. “3.2.6.1 The title attribute”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#the-title-attribute. Web. 8 July 2022.
MDN contributors. “title”. MDN Web Docs, 27 Apr 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/title. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 164
WebSanity. “HTML global attribute: title”. CodePen, 19 June 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/dypzrw?editors=1000. Web. 6 July 2022.
## Slide 165
WHATWG. “3.2.6.1 The title attribute”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#the-title-attribute. Web. 8 July 2022.
MDN contributors. “title”. MDN Web Docs, 27 Apr 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/title. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 166
WHATWG. “3.2.6.1 The title attribute”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#the-title-attribute. Web. 8 July 2022.
MDN contributors. “title”. MDN Web Docs, 27 Apr 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/title. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 170
WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 171
WHATWG. “4.10.5 The input element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/input.html#the-input-element. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 173
WHATWG. “3.2.6.6 Embedding custom non-visible data with the data-* attributes”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#attr-data-*. Web. 8 July 2022.
MDN contributors. “data-*”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/data-*. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 175
A string is a “sequence of alphanumeric text or other symbols”
Attribute values are always strings: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#attributes
## Slide 177
WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 179
WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 181
WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 8 July 2022.
WHATWG. “2.3.2 Boolean attributes”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#boolean-attribute. Web. 8 July 2022.
MDN contributors. “HTML attribute reference”. MDN Web Docs, 27 Apr 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes#boolean_attributes. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 182
WebSanity. “HTML: Boolean attributes”. CodePen, 22 June 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/gOPggVr?editors=1000. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 183
$ curl -s "https://html.spec.whatwg.org" | grep -C 3 "boolean\s*attribute"
## Slide 186
“There must never be two or more attributes on the same start tag whose names are an ASCII case-insensitive match for each other.”
Source: WHATWG. “13.1.2.3 Attributes”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#attributes-2. Web. 8 July 2022.
“duplicate-attribute: This error occurs if the parser encounters an attribute in a tag that already has an attribute with the same name. The parser ignores all such duplicate occurrences of the attribute.”
Source: WHATWG. “13.2.2 Parse errors”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parse-errors. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 190
WHATWG. “4.3.10 The address element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-address-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Contact Address element”. MDN, 21 Jan. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/address. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
## Slide 192
WebSanity. “HTML: address element”. CodePen, 24 July 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/jOWJZaj?editors=1000. Web. 24 July 2020.
Lovecraft, H. P. “At the Mountains of Madness”. The H. P. Lovecraft Archive, 20 Aug. 2009, https://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx. Web. 1 May 2014.
## Slide 193
WebSanity. “HTML: address element may contain additional text”. CodePen, 1 May 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/djmCE. Web. 1 May 2014.
Lovecraft, H. P. “The Case of Charles Dexter Ward”. The H. P. Lovecraft Archive, 20 Aug. 2009, https://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/cdw.aspx. Web. 1 May 2014.
## Slide 196
MDN contributors. “Semantics”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Oct 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Semantics. Web. 8 July 2022.
WHATWG. “3.2.1 Semantics”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#semantics-2. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 198
The appearance to a viewer would be the same, but the non-semantic code on the right has a different structure (only 1 object in the document tree, not 2 as on the left) AND a different meaning (it’s not 2 paragraphs, it’s 1)
## Slide 199
The appearance to a viewer would be the same, but the non-semantic code on the right has a different structure (only 1 object in the document tree, not 2 as on the left) AND a different meaning (it’s not 2 paragraphs, it’s 1)
## Slide 200
MDN contributors. “Semantics”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Oct 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Semantics. Web. 8 July 2022.
WHATWG. “3.2.1 Semantics”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#semantics-2. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 201
“HTML/New HTML5 Elements”. W3C Wiki, 18 Nov. 2011, https://www.w3.org/wiki/HTML/New_HTML5_Elements. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
## Slide 202
“In Finland planners are known to visit their parks immediately after the first snowfall, when the existing paths are not visible. People naturally choose desire lines, which are then clearly indicated by their footprints and can be used to guide the routing of paths.”
Source: “3.3 Public Space: The Lost River Park”, found in Earls Court Project Application 1, Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea Cultural Strategy, June 2011, pg. 95. https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/idoxWAM/doc/Other-777167.pdf?extension=.pdf&id=777167&location=VOLUME2&contentType=application/pdf&pageCount=1.
Joly, Gordon. “Two Desire Paths, Battersea Park.” Flickr, 23 Sept. 2006, https://www.flickr.com/photos/loopzilla/251134757/in/pool-desire_paths/. Web. 14 Sept. 2016.
Licensed CC BY-SA 2.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/.
## Slide 203
Granneman, Scott. “Gus walking on a path in the Badlands”. 30 June 2007.
Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/.
## Slide 204
Looking through your code, the semantic elements on the right would be far easier to understand
Structurally & visually, the semantic elements on the right are exactly like those on the left, but they have meaning that those on the left do not
## Slide 207
WHATWG. “4.5.2 The em element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-em-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Emphasis element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/em. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 208
WebSanity. “HTML: em element”. CodePen, 11 Sept. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/GRqwWy?editors=1000. Web. 11 Sept. 2014.
## Slide 209
WHATWG. “4.5.3 The strong element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-strong-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Strong Importance element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/strong. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 210
WebSanity. “HTML: strong element”. CodePen, 27 Apr 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/VwjVpb?editors=1000. Web. 27 Apr 2014.
## Slide 211
WHATWG. “4.5.20 The i element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-i-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Idiomatic Text element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/i. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 212
WebSanity. “HTML: i element”. CodePen, 26 Apr. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/oNLQzY?editors=1000. Web. 26 Apr. 2014.
## Slide 213
WHATWG. “4.5.21 The b element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Bring Attention To element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/b. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 214
WHATWG. “4.5.21 The b element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Bring Attention To element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/b. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 215
WebSanity. “HTML: b element”. CodePen, 27 Apr. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/KKMrNE?editors=1000. Web. 27 Apr. 2014.
Why is that text bold? Because it’s more important? Because it should be strongly emphasized? Or because it looks nice bold?
Lovecraft, H. P. “At the Mountains of Madness”. The H. P. Lovecraft Archive, 20 Aug. 2009, https://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx. Web. 1 May 2014.
Wikipedia contributors. “Heartbleed”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 Feb. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heartbleed&oldid=1070692249. Web. 9 Feb. 2022.
## Slide 216
WHATWG. “4.5.22 The u element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-u-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Unarticulated Annotation (Underline) element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/u. Web. 13 Feb 2022.
## Slide 217
WebSanity. “HTML: u element”. CodePen, 2 May 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/YzGrqo?editors=1000. Web. 2 May 2014.
## Slide 218
Schröter, Fritz. 1945–46, https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lDHkH919w48/TavRb0BbjaI/AAAAAAAAA9k/tVqkSuW8698/s1600/POW2.jpg. Messenger, Robert. “Typewriter Book Written in US POW Camp”. oz.Typewriter: The Wonderful World of Typewriters, 18 Apr. 2011, https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2011/04/typewriter-book-written-in-us-pow-camp.html. Web. 11 Sept. 2014.
Fair use.
## Slide 219
Gerhyrah’s Rule
## Slide 225
Wikipedia contributors. “Raster graphics”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 24 June 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics. Web. 8 Jul. 2022.
## Slide 226
Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
Note that this is a PNG version of the SVG file.
## Slide 227
Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
Note that this is a PNG version of the SVG file.
## Slide 228
Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
Note that this is a PNG version of the SVG file.
## Slide 229
Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
Note that this is a PNG version of the SVG file.
## Slide 230
WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022.
## Slide 231
WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022.
## Slide 232
WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022.
## Slide 234
Adobe Photoshop: https://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop.html
Microsoft Paint: https://apps.microsoft.com/store/detail/paint/9PCFS5B6T72H?hl=en-us&gl=US
Paint.NET: https://www.getpaint.net
Acorn: https://flyingmeat.com/acorn/
Pixelmator Pro: https://www.pixelmator.com/pro/
Affinity Photo: https://affinity.serif.com/en-us/photo/
## Slide 236
Wikipedia contributors. “Vector graphics”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 26 June 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 238
WebSanity. “HTML - SVG example”. CodePen, 7 June 2015, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/xGdLxJ?editors=100. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
## Slide 239
WebSanity. “SVG Yin Yang”. CodePen, 15 Jan. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/poEqPNN?editors=1000. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
## Slide 240
WebSanity. “HSL Color Wheel: Tones”. CodePen, 23 July 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/QWNMRq?editors=1000. Web. 19 Feb 2022.
## Slide 241
WebSanity. “HSL Color Wheel: Tones”. CodePen, 23 July 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/QWNMRq?editors=1000. Web. 19 Feb 2022.
## Slide 242
WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022.
## Slide 243
WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022.
## Slide 244
WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022.
## Slide 245
Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
## Slide 246
Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
## Slide 247
Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
## Slide 248
Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
## Slide 250
Adobe Illustrator: https://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html
Inkscape: https://inkscape.org
CorelDRAW: https://www.coreldraw.com/en/
Vectornator: https://www.vectornator.io
Affinity Designer: https://affinity.serif.com/en-us/designer/
Pixelmator Pro: https://www.pixelmator.com/pro/
## Slide 251
WHATWG. “4.8.3 The img element”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#the-img-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Image Embed element”. MDN Web Docs, 29 Mar. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 252
If you are not using responsive design, & you do not specify a width & height (either using these attributes or in CSS), then your webpage will reflow the content as images load, which doesn’t look great & can be disconcerting for the user
WHATWG. “4.8.3 The img element”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#the-img-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Image Embed element”. MDN Web Docs, 29 Mar. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 253
WHATWG. “4.8.4.4 Requirements for providing text to act as an alternative for images”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/images.html#alt. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
WHATWG. “4.8.3 The img element”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#the-img-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Image Embed element”. MDN Web Docs, 29 Mar. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 254
WebSanity. “HTML: img element”. CodePen, 30 Apr. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/poEJqZ?editors=1000. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
Often, but not always, goes inside an element that can hold embedded content, e.g.,
## Slide 255
WHATWG. “4.8.3 The img element”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#the-img-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
MDN contributors. “: The Image Embed element”. MDN Web Docs, 29 Mar. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img. Web. 3 Apr 2022.
## Slide 257
WebSanity. “HTML: img with srcset attribute”. CodePen, 7 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/gOGPNwa?editors=1000. Web. 7 Dec. 2021.
## Slide 259
srcset & sizes:
Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “Srcset and sizes attributes”. Can I use…, 4 Apr 2022, https://caniuse.com/srcset. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
GoogleChrome. “Feature: ”. Chrome Platform Status, 9 Nov. 2020, https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/4644337115725824. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
## Slide 263
Unsplash Team. “Beautiful Free Images & Pictures | Unsplash”. Unsplash, 29 June 2020, https://unsplash.com. Web. 29 June 2020.
## Slide 264
Potschien, Denis. “Unsplash.it: Use Placeholder Photos From Unsplash.com”. Jotform, 19 Aug 2020, https://www.jotform.com/blog/unsplash-it-use-placeholder-photos-from-unsplash-com-93599/. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 265
Potschien, Denis. “Unsplash.it: Use Placeholder Photos From Unsplash.com”. Jotform, 19 Aug 2020, https://www.jotform.com/blog/unsplash-it-use-placeholder-photos-from-unsplash-com-93599/. Web. 8 July 2022.
## Slide 266
WebSanity. “HTML: Placeholder images with Unsplash”. CodePen, 5 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/ExEVEMo?editors=1000. Web. 5 Jul 2022.
## Slide 267
Heimlich, Russell. “Dynamic Dummy Image Generator”. Dynamic Dummy Image Generator, 19 Nov 2021, https://dummyimage.com. Web. 5 Jul 2022.
## Slide 268
Heimlich, Russell. “Dynamic Dummy Image Generator”. Dynamic Dummy Image Generator, 19 Nov 2021, https://dummyimage.com. Web. 5 Jul 2022.
## Slide 269
Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020.
## Slide 270
Wikipedia contributors. “StyleGAN”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 11 Aug. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=StyleGAN&oldid=972405036. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020.
## Slide 271
Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020.
## Slide 272
Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020.
## Slide 273
Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020.
## Slide 274
Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020.
## Slide 275
Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020.
## Slide 277
Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020.
## Slide 278
Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020.
## Slide 279
60%: LePage, Pete. “Images”. Google Developers, 27 October 2020, https://web.archive.org/web/20211202102738/https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/design-and-ux/responsive/images. Web. 3 December 2021.
## Slide 281
Wikipedia contributors. “GIF”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 6 December 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GIF&oldid=1058928240. Web. 7 December 2021.
“Baby Run Omg GIF”. Tenor, 6 May 2017, https://tenor.com/view/baby-run-omg-oops-gif-8508999. Web. 10 Nov. 2021.
## Slide 282
Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 28 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JPEG&oldid=1057572559. Web. 7 December 2021.
## Slide 283
Wikipedia contributors. “Portable Network Graphics”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portable_Network_Graphics&oldid=1058174006, 1 December 2021. Web. 7 December 2021.
## Slide 284
Wikipedia contributors. “Scalable Vector Graphics”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scalable_Vector_Graphics&oldid=1058807617, 5 December 2021. Web. 7 December 2021.
## Slide 285
MDN contributors. “Image file type and format guide”. MDN Web Docs, 17 Mar. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Image_types. Web. 4 Apr 2022.
## Slide 287
Google. “An image format for the Web”. Google Developers, 16 August 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115942/https://developers.google.com/speed/webp. Web. 5 December 2021.
Wikipedia contributors. “WebP.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebP&oldid=1056059303. Web. 3 December 2021.
Deveria, Alexis. “WebP image format”. Can I use..., 1 December 2021, https://caniuse.com/webp. Web. 5 December 2021.
## Slide 288
Google. “An image format for the Web”. Google Developers, 16 August 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115942/https://developers.google.com/speed/webp. Web. 5 December 2021.
Wikipedia contributors. “WebP.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebP&oldid=1056059303. Web. 3 December 2021.
## Slide 289
Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong’s Ella and Louis (1956).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “Ella and Louis”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ella_and_Louis&oldid=1061221899, 20 Dec. 2021. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
Radiohead’s OK Computer (1997).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “OK Computer”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OK_Computer&oldid=1080957748, 4 Apr. 2022. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
Frank Sinatra’s Come Fly With Me (1958).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “Come Fly with Me (Frank Sinatra album)”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_Fly_with_Me_(Frank_Sinatra_album)&oldid=1050650635, 19 Oct. 2021. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
## Slide 290
Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong’s Ella and Louis (1956).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “Ella and Louis”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Dec. 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ella_and_Louis&oldid=1061221899. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
Radiohead’s OK Computer (1997).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “OK Computer”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 4 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OK_Computer&oldid=1080957748. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
Frank Sinatra’s Come Fly With Me (1958).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “Come Fly with Me (Frank Sinatra album)”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Oct. 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_Fly_with_Me_(Frank_Sinatra_album)&oldid=1050650635. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
## Slide 291
M. C. Escher’s Drawing Hands (1948).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “Drawing Hands”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 22 Feb. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drawing_Hands&oldid=1073475238. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
Hokusai’s The Great Wave Off Kanagawa (1831).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “The Great Wave off Kanagawa”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Mar. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa&oldid=1078318929. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
Georges Seurat’s A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 27 Feb. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte&oldid=1074227011. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
## Slide 292
M. C. Escher’s Drawing Hands (1948).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “Drawing Hands”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 22 Feb. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drawing_Hands&oldid=1073475238. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
Hokusai’s The Great Wave Off Kanagawa (1831).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “The Great Wave off Kanagawa”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Mar. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa&oldid=1078318929. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
Georges Seurat’s A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884).
See: Wikipedia contributors. “A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 27 Feb. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte&oldid=1074227011. Web. 4 Apr. 2022.
## Slide 293
Wikipedia contributors. “WebP.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebP&oldid=1056059303. Web. 3 December 2021.
Google. “WebP 2”. Google Git, 29 November 2021, https://chromium.googlesource.com/codecs/libwebp2/. Web. 5 December 2021.
## Slide 294
Google. “WebPShop”. Google Developers, 16 August 2021, https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/webpshop. Web. 6 December 2021.
## Slide 295
WebM Project. “WebPShop”. GitHub, 26 November 2021, https://github.com/webmproject/WebPShop. Web. 6 December 2021.
## Slide 296
FIXME
## Slide 297
Wikipedia contributors. “AVIF”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 27 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AVIF&oldid=1057338374. Web. 7 December 2021.
Archibald, Jake. “AVIF has landed”. Jake Archibald, 8 September 2020, https://jakearchibald.com/2020/avif-has-landed/. Web. 6 December 2021.
## Slide 298
Wikipedia contributors. “AVIF”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 27 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AVIF&oldid=1057338374. Web. 7 December 2021.
## Slide 299
Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 December 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JPEG_XL&oldid=1058484706. Web. 7 December 2021.
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) committee. “Overview of JPEG XL”. JPEG, https://jpeg.org/jpegxl/. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
## Slide 300
Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 December 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JPEG_XL&oldid=1058484706. Web. 7 December 2021.
Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) committee. “Overview of JPEG XL”. JPEG, https://jpeg.org/jpegxl/. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
## Slide 301
Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 31 Jan. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JPEG_XL&oldid=1069103728. Web. 9 Feb. 2022.
## Slide 303
GoogleChromeLabs. “Squoosh”. Squoosh, https://squoosh.app. Web. 6 Dec. 2021.
GoogleChromeLabs. “squoosh”. GitHub, 20 October 2021, https://github.com/GoogleChromeLabs/squoosh. Web. 6 December 2021.
## Slide 304
GoogleChromeLabs. “Squoosh”. Squoosh, https://squoosh.app/editor. Web. 6 Dec. 2021.
## Slide 305
GoogleChromeLabs. “Squoosh”. Squoosh, https://squoosh.app/editor. Web. 6 Dec. 2021.
## Slide 306
GoogleChromeLabs. “Squoosh”. Squoosh, https://squoosh.app/editor. Web. 6 Dec. 2021.
## Slide 307
GoogleChromeLabs. “Squoosh”. Squoosh, https://squoosh.app/editor. Web. 6 Dec. 2021.
## Slide 308
WebP: Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “WebP image format”. Can I use…, 6 Feb. 2022, https://caniuse.com/webp. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
AVIF
Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “AVIF image format”. Can I use…, 15 July 2022, https://caniuse.com/avif. Web. 16 July 2022.
“Chrome 85: Upload Streaming, Human Interface Devices, Custom Properties with Inheritance and More”. Chromium Blog, 23 July 2020, https://blog.chromium.org/2020/07/chrome-85-upload-streaming-human.html. Web. 2 December 2021.
JPEG XL: Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “JPEG XL image format”. Can I use…, 6 Feb. 2022, https://caniuse.com/jpegxl. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
## Slide 309
MDN contributors. “