Notes for HTML - Overview - Condensed By Scott Granneman & Jans Carton Find the presentation at http://www.granneman.com/presentations/ ## Slide 2 Slides: https://granneman.com/downloads/web-dev/HTML-Overview-Condensed.pdf Notes: https://granneman.com/downloads/web-dev/HTML-Overview-Condensed.txt ## Slide 3 https://www.granneman.com/presentations/all-presentations ## Slide 5 Some HTML elements are conveniences for avoiding writing CSS (e.g., , , ) or for structure (
& ) Some CSS inserts content (e.g., ::before & ::after) or modifies behavior (e.g., animate & transition) Some JavaScript modifies HTML & CSS to change meaning or presentation, not for behavior Wikipedia contributors. “Separation of concerns”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Mar. 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_concerns. Web. 15 Apr. 2024. ## Slide 7 HTML 4.01: Raggett, Dave et al. “Index of Elements”. World Wide Web Consortium [W3C]. HTML 4.01 Specification, 24 Dec 1999, https://www.w3.org/TR/html401/index/elements.html. Web. 24 Oct 2023. HTML5 Hickson, Ian et al. “4 The elements of HTML”. WHATWG. HTML Living Standard, 24 Oct 2023, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#semantics. Web. 24 Oct 2023. MDN contributors. “HTML elements reference”. MDN Web Docs, 11 July 2023, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element. Web. 24 Oct 2023. 112 elements (as of 24 Oct 2023): a, abbr, address, area, article, aside, audio, b, base, bdi, bdo, blockquote, body, br, button, canvas, caption, cite, code, col, colgroup, data, datalist, dd, del, details, dfn, dialog, div, dl, dt, em, embed, fieldset, figcaption, figure, footer, form, h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6, head, header, hgroup, hr, html, i, iframe, img, input, ins, kbd, label, legend, li, link, main, map, mark, menu, meta, meter, nav, noscript, object, ol, optgroup, option, output, p, picture, pre, progress, q, rp, rt, ruby, s, samp, script, search, section, select, slot, small, source, span, strong, style, sub, summary, sup, table, tbody, td, template, textarea, tfoot, th, thead, time, title, tr, track, u, ul, var, video, wbr w3c. html.json. webref, commit 670aa860d2fedea6b7b3663e9a8f158b02dac81a, World Wide Web Consortium [W3C], 24 Mar 2023. GitHub, https://github.com/w3c/webref/blob/main/ed/elements/html.json. 29 obsolete elements (as of 24 Oct 2023): acronym, applet, basefont, bgsound, big, blink, center, dir, font, frame, frameset, isindex, keygen, listing, marquee, menuitem, multicol, nextid, nobr, noembed, noframes, param, plaintext, rb, rtc, spacer, strike, tt, xmp Hickson, Ian et al. “16.2 Non-conforming features”. WHATWG. HTML Living Standard, 24 Oct 2023, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#non-conforming-features. Web. 24 Oct 2023. MDN adds 3 more obsolete elements: content, image, shadow MDN contributors. “Obsolete and deprecated elements”. MDN Web Docs, 11 July 2023, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element#obsolete_and_deprecated_elements. Web. 24 Oct 2023. ~2020 (?), it was 115 elements, with 31 obsolete or deprecated ## Slide 12 WHATWG. “4.1.1 The html element”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/semantics.html#the-html-element. Web. 29 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 13 WHATWG. “4.2.1 The head element”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/semantics.html#the-head-element. Web. 29 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 15 WHATWG. “4.3.1 The body element”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/sections.html#the-body-element. Web. 29 Mar. 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Document Body element”. MDN Web Docs, 21 Apr 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/body. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 20 Granneman, Scott. Linux Phrasebook, Second Edition. Indianapolis, IN: Addison-Wesley (2016). iii, 478. ## Slide 21 Full list of metadata elements: base, link, meta, noscript, script, style, template, title. Hickson, Ian et al. “3.2.5.2.1 Metadata content”. WHATWG, HTML Living Standard, 19 Mar 2023, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#metadata-content. Web. 19 Mar 2023. ## Slide 22 WHATWG. “4.2.5 The meta element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/semantics.html#the-meta-element. Web. 6 Feb. 2022. ## Slide 23 shrink-to-fit: Aderinokun, Ire. “The Problem with iOS Safari and shrink-to-fit”. bitsofcode, 5 Apr. 2016, https://bitsofco.de/ios-safari-and-shrink-to-fit/. Web. 30 Mar 2022. ## Slide 24 WHATWG. “4.2.2 The title element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/semantics.html#the-title-element. Web. 6 Feb. 2022. ## Slide 25 The H.P. Lovecraft Wiki contributors. “The Call of Cthulhu”. The H.P. Lovecraft Wiki, 7 Apr. 2023, https://lovecraft.fandom.com/wiki/The_Call_of_Cthulhu. Web. 20 Apr. 2024. ## Slide 26 “On-Page Ranking Factors”. Moz, https://moz.com/learn/seo/on-page-factors. Web. 28 December 2021. “Title Tag”. Moz, https://moz.com/learn/seo/title-tag. Web. 28 December 2021. ## Slide 27 Granneman, Scott. “The title page of the 3rd edition of the Encyclopedia Brittanica [1797]”. Chainsaw on a Tire Swing, 4 July 2015, https://chainsawonatireswing.com/2015/07/04/title-page-of-3rd-edition-of-encyclopedia-brittanica/. Web. 21 December 2021. ## Slide 29 Dgar [@dgar@aus.social]. “A SEO expert walks into a bar, tavern, pub, grill, public house, irish bar, bartender, drinks, beer, wine, liquor.”. Mastodon. aus.social, 18 Mar. 2024, https://aus.social/@dgar/112117108915253951. Web. 18 Mar. 2024. MDRivet. “Crowd Laughing.wav”. Freesound, 9 Apr. 2015, https://freesound.org/people/MDRivet/sounds/269461/. Web. 18 Mar. 2024. Licensed CC0 1.0: https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/. ## Slide 32 “Inland Bearded Dragon”. Saint Louis Zoo, 1 Feb. 2019, https://web.archive.org/web/20190201120255/https://www.stlzoo.org/animals/abouttheanimals/reptiles/lizards/inlandbeardeddragon. Web. 6 Feb 2022. ## Slide 35 WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022. MDN contributors. “

: The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 36 WebSanity. “HTML: Simple Webpage, Corrected & No Deprecations”. CodePen, 20 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/jOGwKxB?editors=1000. Web. 20 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 37 WebSanity. “HTML: Simple Webpage, Corrected & No Deprecations”. CodePen, 20 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/jOGwKxB?editors=1000. Web. 20 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 39 Surowiecki, James. “Content and its Discontents”. The New Yorker, 20 Oct 2014, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/10/20/content-discontents. Web. 30 Jan 2022. ## Slide 40 AllMusic. “Ben Branch & The Operation Breadbasket Orchestra Songs, Albums, Reviews, Bio & More | AllMusic”. AllMusic, 2022, https://www.allmusic.com/artist/ben-branch-the-operation-breadbasket-orchestra-mn0000157434. Web. 30 Jan 2022. ## Slide 41 WHATWG. “4.4.1 The p element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-p-element. Web. 6 Feb. 2022. MDN contributors. “

: The Paragraph element”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/p. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 42 WebSanity. “HTML: p element”. CodePen, 1 May 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/zYBPmo?editors=1000. Web. 6 Feb 2022. ## Slide 44 WebSanity. “HTML: p element”. CodePen, 1 May 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/zYBPmo?editors=1000. Web. 6 Feb 2022. ## Slide 45 WebSanity. “HTML: p element”. CodePen, 1 May 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/zYBPmo?editors=1000. Web. 6 Feb 2022. ## Slide 46 WebSanity. “HTML: p element”. CodePen, 1 May 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/zYBPmo?editors=1000. Web. 6 Feb 2022. ## Slide 50 All will validate. 1st one is best because it’s easy to scan down your code & make sure you closed all start tags. 2nd is OK if you have a very short amount of content. 3rd one is bad form & makes no sense. ## Slide 55 Christian’s Rule When you save your file in some editors with auto-formatting on, it will format like this, which you do not want ## Slide 56 Free-floating text might not go in a

 — e.g., you might use a

,

, or
  •  — but it has to go into something ## Slide 57 “4.5.27 The br element”. HTML Living Standard, WHATWG, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-br-element. Web. 6 Feb. 2022. MDN contributors. “
    : The Line Break element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/br. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 58 WebSanity. “HTML: br element”. CodePen, 24 Apr. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/YzWQEE?editors=1000. Web. 6 Feb 2022. Frost, Robert. Excerpt from “Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening”. Poetry Foundation, 5 Feb. 2022, https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems/42891/stopping-by-woods-on-a-snowy-evening. Web. 6 Feb 2022. ## Slide 61 WebSanity. “HTML: br element - problems with 2 br in a row”. CodePen, 27 June 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/pogrqgv?editors=1100. Web. 6 Feb 2022. Lovecraft, H. P. Excerpt from“The Dunwich Horror”. Lovecraft Stories, http://www.lovecraft-stories.com/story/the-dunwich-horror. Web. 6 Feb 2022. FIXME change screenshots? ## Slide 62 WebSanity. “HTML: br element - problems with 2 br in a row”. CodePen, 27 June 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/pogrqgv?editors=1100. Web. 6 Feb 2022. Lovecraft, H. P. Excerpt from“The Dunwich Horror”. Lovecraft Stories, http://www.lovecraft-stories.com/story/the-dunwich-horror. Web. 6 Feb 2022. ## Slide 63 “13.1.2 Elements”. HTML Living Standard, WHATWG, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#void-elements. Web. 6 Feb. 2022. MDN contributors. “Empty element”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Empty_element. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 64 “13.1.2 Elements”. HTML Living Standard, WHATWG, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#void-elements. Web. 6 Feb. 2022. MDN contributors. “Empty element”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Empty_element. Web. 3 Apr 2022. For more on void elements, see our presentations Web Development: The Absolute Basics & HTML Overview in Categorization ## Slide 65 The first
    adds additional new line to the start of the paragraph, which never makes sense (if you want additional margining above a paragraph, use CSS) With thanks to the great Ogden Nash TODO: CodePen this ## Slide 66 Chris’s Rule ## Slide 67 WebSanity. “HTML: Your first webpage”. CodePen, 30 June 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLKyxmr?editors=1000. Web. 30 June 2022. Smith, Linell Nash, editor. The Best of Ogden Nash. Chicago: Iver R. Dee (2007). 163. ## Slide 68 WebSanity. “HTML: Your first webpage”. CodePen, 30 June 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLKyxmr?editors=1000. Web. 30 June 2022. Smith, Linell Nash, editor. The Best of Ogden Nash. Chicago: Iver R. Dee (2007). 163. ## Slide 77 WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022. MDN contributors. “

    : The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 78 WebSanity. “Setting up a WebSanity Server: Linode”. WebSanity Tech Wiki, 2 Mar. 2016. Web. 2 Mar. 2016. Muller, Britney & the MOZ staff. “On-Page SEO”. MOZ, https://moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo/on-page-seo. Web. 13 Feb 2022. FIXME add screenshot showing accessibility ## Slide 79 WebSanity. “Setting up a WebSanity Server: Linode”. WebSanity Tech Wiki, 2 Mar. 2016. Web. 2 Mar. 2016. Muller, Britney & the MOZ staff. “On-Page SEO”. MOZ, https://moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo/on-page-seo. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 80 WebSanity. “Setting up a WebSanity Server: Linode”. WebSanity Tech Wiki, 2 Mar. 2016. Web. 2 Mar. 2016. Muller, Britney & the MOZ staff. “On-Page SEO”. MOZ, https://moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo/on-page-seo. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 81 WebSanity. “Setting up a WebSanity Server: Linode”. WebSanity Tech Wiki, 2 Mar. 2016. Web. 2 Mar. 2016. Muller, Britney & the MOZ staff. “On-Page SEO”. MOZ, https://moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo/on-page-seo. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 82 WebSanity. “Setting up a WebSanity Server: Linode”. WebSanity Tech Wiki, 2 Mar. 2016. Web. 2 Mar. 2016. Muller, Britney & the MOZ staff. “On-Page SEO”. MOZ, https://moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo/on-page-seo. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 83 WebSanity. “HTML: h1–h6 elements”. CodePen, 25 Apr. 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/ptgzc. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. ## Slide 84 WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022. MDN contributors. “

    : The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022. WebSanity. “HTML: h1–h6 elements”. CodePen, 25 Apr. 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/ptgzc. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. ## Slide 85 WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022. MDN contributors. “

    : The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022. WebSanity. “HTML: h1–h6 elements”. CodePen, 25 Apr. 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/ptgzc. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. ## Slide 86 WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022. MDN contributors. “

    : The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022. Daggett, John & Myles C. Maxfield & Chris Lilley. “3.5. Font size: the font-size property”. CSS Fonts Module Level 3, 20 Sept. 2018, https://www.w3.org/TR/css-fonts-3/#font-size-prop. Web. 30 Mar. 2022. WebSanity. “HTML: h1–h6 elements”. CodePen, 25 Apr. 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/ptgzc. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. ## Slide 87 WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022. MDN contributors. “

    : The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022. Daggett, John & Myles C. Maxfield & Chris Lilley. “3.5. Font size: the font-size property”. CSS Fonts Module Level 3, 20 Sept. 2018, https://www.w3.org/TR/css-fonts-3/#font-size-prop. Web. 30 Mar. 2022. WebSanity. “HTML: h1–h6 elements”. CodePen, 25 Apr. 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/ptgzc. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. ## Slide 88 WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022. MDN contributors. “

    : The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 90 Daggett, John & Myles C. Maxfield & Chris Lilley. “3.5. Font size: the font-size property”. CSS Fonts Module Level 3, 20 Sept. 2018, https://www.w3.org/TR/css-fonts-3/#font-size-prop. Web. 30 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 91 Daggett, John & Myles C. Maxfield & Chris Lilley. “3.5. Font size: the font-size property”. CSS Fonts Module Level 3, 20 Sept. 2018, https://www.w3.org/TR/css-fonts-3/#font-size-prop. Web. 30 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 92 Muller, Britney & the MOZ staff. “On-Page SEO”. MOZ, https://moz.com/beginners-guide-to-seo/on-page-seo. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 93 Butterick, Matthew. “Headings”. Butterick’s Practical Typography, 16 July 2023, https://practicaltypography.com/headings.html. Web. 1 Aug 2023. ## Slide 94 WHATWG. “3.2.5.2.4 Heading content”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#heading-content. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 95 Brealey, Richard A., Stewart C. Myers, & Franklin Allen. Principles of Corporate Finance, 10th Edition. New York: McGraw-Hill (2010). 9. ## Slide 102 WebSanity. “HTML: headings create implied sections”. CodePen, 3 Aug. 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/BwbYVp?editors=1000. Web. 3 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 103 WebSanity. “HTML: headings create implied sections”. CodePen, 3 Aug. 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/BwbYVp?editors=1000. Web. 3 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 105 WHATWG. “4.3.6 The h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, and h6 elements”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-h1,-h2,-h3,-h4,-h5,-and-h6-elements. Web. 29 Mar. 2022. MDN contributors. “

    : The HTML Section Heading elements”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/Heading_Elements. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 106 WebSanity. “HTML: h1-h6 ordering”. CodePen, 25 Apr. 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/AoapB. Web. 25 Apr. 2014. ## Slide 109 Google gives extra weight to words inside headings; Google gives no extra weight to words inside paragraphs FIXME screenshot ## Slide 110 Hickson, Ian et al. “4.3.7 The hgroup element”. WHATWG, HTML Living Standard, 19 Mar 2023, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/sections.html#the-hgroup-element. Web. 19 Mar 2023. MDN contributors. “
    ”. MDN Web Docs, 23 Feb 2023, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/hgroup. Web. 19 Mar 2023. ## Slide 111 WebSanity. “HTML: hgroup element”. CodePen, 7 Apr 2025, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/eYLLNPe?editors=1000. Web. 7 Apr 2025. ## Slide 112 WebSanity. “HTML: hgroup element, Britannica example”. CodePen, 19 Mar 2023, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/mdGGJLY?editors=1000. Web. 19 Mar 2023. ## Slide 113 WebSanity. “HTML: hgroup element, Britannica example: Live Preview”. CodePen, 19 Mar 2023, https://codepen.io/websanity/live/mdGGJLY. Web. 19 Mar 2023. ## Slide 117 WebSanity. “HTML: 3 kinds of lists”. CodePen, 27 Nov. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/bGobgBy?editors=1000. Web. 27 Nov. 2021. ## Slide 119 WHATWG. “4.4.8 The li element”. HTML Living Standard, 31 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-li-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022. MDN contributors. “
  • : The List Item element”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Nov. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/li. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 120 WebSanity. “HTML: ul, ol, & li elements”. CodePen, 26 Sept. 2019, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/xxKeLeZ?editors=1000. Web. 26 Sept. 2019. ## Slide 122 WHATWG. “4.4.6 The ul element”. HTML Living Standard, 31 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ul-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022. MDN contributors. “
      : The Unordered List element”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Nov. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/ul. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 123 WebSanity. “HTML: ul & li elements”. CodePen, 27 Apr. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/MWeZdE?editors=1000. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. ## Slide 124 WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 31 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022. MDN contributors. “
        : The Ordered List element”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/ol. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 125 WebSanity. “HTML: ol & li elements”. CodePen, 1 May 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/dyXwxL?editors=1000. Web. 1 May 2014. Wikipedia contributors. “Gnomes (South Park)”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Nov. 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gnomes_(South_Park)&oldid=1056283403. Web. 9 Feb. 2022. ## Slide 126 a (lowercase letters), A (uppercase letters), i (lowercase Roman numerals), I (uppercase Roman numerals), & 1 (Arabic numerals) WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 31 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022. MDN contributors. “
          : The Ordered List element”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/ol. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 127 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element with reversed attribute”. CodePen, 29 Oct. 2024, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/zYPoKav?editors=1000. Web. 29 Oct. 2024. ## Slide 128 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element with start attribute”. CodePen, 5 Feb. 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/zYPooYo?editors=1000. Web. 5 Feb. 2022. ## Slide 129 Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “Reversed attribute of ordered lists”. Can I use…, https://caniuse.com/ol-reversed. Web. 9 Feb 2022. ## Slide 131 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 133 For another example, see https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/Jheac?editors=1000 ## Slide 134 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 135 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 136 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 137 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 138 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 139 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 140 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 141 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 142 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 143 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 144 WebSanity. “HTML: ol element, nested & simplified”. CodePen, 26 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLzPRVm?editors=1000. Web. 26 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 145 WebSanity. “HTML: ol elements nested”. CodePen, 27 Apr. 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/DpGHo. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. ## Slide 146 WebSanity. “HTML: ul elements nested”. CodePen, 27 Apr. 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/GthmI. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. ## Slide 148 WebSanity. “HTML: ol & ul elements nested together”. CodePen, 27 Apr. 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/mIkfw. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. ## Slide 149 Eddie’s Rule ## Slide 152 WHATWG. “13.1.4 Character references”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#character-references. Web. 6 Feb. 2022. MDN contributors. “Entity”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Entity. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 154 WHATWG. “13.1.4 Character references”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#character-references. Web. 6 Feb. 2022. MDN contributors. “Entity”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Entity. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 155 Wikipedia contributors. "List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=1080815017. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. lhunt. “Character Entity Reference Chart”. W3C Public CVS Repository, 2009, https://dev.w3.org/html5/html-author/charref. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ## Slide 156 Wikipedia contributors. "List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=1080815017. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. lhunt. “Character Entity Reference Chart”. W3C Public CVS Repository, 2009, https://dev.w3.org/html5/html-author/charref. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ## Slide 157 WHATWG. “13.1.4 Character references”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#character-references. Web. 6 Feb. 2022. MDN contributors. “Entity”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Entity. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 158 Wikipedia contributors. "List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=1080815017. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. lhunt. “Character Entity Reference Chart”. W3C Public CVS Repository, 2009, https://dev.w3.org/html5/html-author/charref. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ¶ is the pilcrow, or paragraph sign ## Slide 159 WebSanity. “HTML: character entities”. CodePen, 4 Apr. 2021, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/sypxK. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ## Slide 160 WHATWG. “13.1.4 Character references”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#character-references. Web. 6 Feb. 2022. MDN contributors. “Entity”. MDN Web Docs, 18 Feb 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Entity. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 162 “Unicode Table (Decimal)”. Tama Software, 2007, https://www.tamasoft.co.jp/en/general-info/unicode-decimal.html. Web. 24 Oct 2023. ## Slide 163 Wikipedia contributors. "List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=1080815017. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. ## Slide 165 Wikipedia contributors. “Hexadecimal”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 21 Oct. 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexadecimal. Web. 26 Oct. 2023. ## Slide 166 “UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Latin-1 Supplement’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/latin_supplement/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020. Capitalization of letters does not matter — usually all letters are capitalized, but you don’t have to ## Slide 167 Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=967855330. Web. 6 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 168 The Basic Latin block, the 1st in Unicode, contains all the letters & control codes of ASCII: 128 characters, including C0 controls (e.g., null, bell, backspace, line feed, & escape), ASCII punctuation & symbols, ASCII digits, both uppercase & lowercase letters of English alphabet, & the delete control character (, 2020-08-06) “UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Basic Latin’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/basic_latin/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 169 “UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Latin-1 Supplement’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/latin_supplement/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020. Capitalization of letters does not matter — usually all letters are capitalized, but you don’t have to ## Slide 170 ↑ is 2191 • ↬ is 21aC • ⇉ is 21c9 • ⇦ is 21e6 “UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Arrows’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/arrows/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 171 ↑ is 2191 • ↬ is 21aC • ⇉ is 21c9 • ⇦ is 21e6 “UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Arrows’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/arrows/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 172 ↑ is 2191 • ↬ is 21aC • ⇉ is 21c9 • ⇦ is 21e6 “UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Arrows’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/arrows/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 173 ↑ is 2191 • ↬ is 21aC • ⇉ is 21c9 • ⇦ is 21e6 “UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Arrows’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/arrows/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 174 ↑ is 2191 • ↬ is 21aC • ⇉ is 21c9 • ⇦ is 21e6 “UTF-8 Browser Test for Unicode Block ‘Arrows’”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/arrows/utf8test.htm. Web. 5 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 175 Wikipedia contributors. "List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=1080815017. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. ## Slide 176 Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=967855330. Web. 6 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 177 Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=967855330. Web. 6 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 178 WebSanity. “HTML: character entities”. CodePen, 4 Apr 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/ZEpRrR?editors=1000. Web. 8 July 2022. Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=967855330. Web. 6 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 179 Wikipedia contributors. “Non-breaking space”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Feb 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-breaking_space. Web. 8 July 2022. Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references&oldid=967855330. Web. 6 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 180 WebSanity. “HTML: nbsp character entity”. CodePen, 5 May 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/xxEzWB?editors=1000. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 181 Wikipedia contributors. “List of XML and HTML character entity references”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 15 Jul. 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_XML_and_HTML_character_entity_references. Web. 6 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 182 “Unicode Character Search”. FileFormat.Info, http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm. Web. 6 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 183 “Unicode Character Search”. FileFormat.Info, http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm. Web. 6 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 184 “Unicode Character Search”. FileFormat.Info, http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm. Web. 6 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 185 Marcuse, Andrew. “Unicode Character Search”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 186 Marcuse, Andrew. “Unicode Character Search”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/search.htm?q=airplane. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 187 Marcuse, Andrew. “Browser Test Page for Unicode Character ‘AIRPLANE’ (U+2708)”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2708/index.htm. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 188 Marcuse, Andrew. “Browser Test Page for Unicode Character ‘AIRPLANE’ (U+2708)”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2708/browsertest.htm. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 189 Marcuse, Andrew. “Browser Test Page for Unicode Character ‘AIRPLANE’ (U+2708)”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2708/browsertest.htm. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 190 Marcuse, Andrew. “Browser Test Page for Unicode Character ‘AIRPLANE’ (U+2708)”. FileFormat.Info, https://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/char/2708/browsertest.htm. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 191 “Unicode Blocks”. FileFormat.Info, http://www.fileformat.info/info/unicode/block/index.htm. Web. 6 Aug. 2020. ## Slide 216 Wikipedia contributors. “Character Map (Windows)”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 29 Aug. 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_Map_%28Windows%29. Web. 9 Nov. 2023. ## Slide 217 Wikipedia contributors. “Character Map (Windows)”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 29 Aug. 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_Map_%28Windows%29. Web. 9 Nov. 2023. ## Slide 231 Wikipedia contributors. “Character Map (Windows)”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 29 Aug. 2023, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Character_Map_%28Windows%29. Web. 9 Nov. 2023. 🤢🔥 = sick burn! ## Slide 235 the blowup [@theblowup]. “Overflowing garbage can”. Unsplash, 17 Nov. 2020, https://unsplash.com/photos/t06aN6vewaQ. Web. 11 Feb 2022. Licensed from Unsplash: https://unsplash.com/license. ## Slide 251 Raycast: https://www.raycast.com Alfred: https://www.alfredapp.com (clipboard manager requires the Powerpack, which is $42) Clipboard Fusion: https://www.clipboardfusion.com ## Slide 259 ⌥ = Option/Alt ⇧ = Shift ## Slide 262 CSS - Typography covers a few special kinds of spaces & punctuation marks where you really need to use character entities ## Slide 264 i2 = −1 defined imaginary numbers ## Slide 265 Mooney, Kate. “The Em Dash Divides”. The New York Times (August 14, 2019). https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/14/style/em-dash-punctuation.html. ## Slide 266 Minus sign is slightly thinner than en dash & has a sliver of space between itself & adjacent characters ## Slide 268 TODO: Add ? ## Slide 269 WHATWG. “4.4.2 The hr element”. HTML Living Standard, 11 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-hr-element. Web. 13 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “
          : The Thematic Break (Horizontal Rule) element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/hr. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 270 WebSanity. “HTML: hr element”. CodePen, 26 Apr. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/abZjgW?editors=1000. Web. 26 Apr. 2014. ## Slide 272 WHATWG. “4.4.4 The blockquote element”. HTML Living Standard, 11 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-blockquote-element. Web. MDN contributors. “
          : The Block Quotation element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/blockquote. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 273 WebSanity. “HTML: blockquote element”. CodePen, 3 Jan. 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/KKXZLXE?editors=1000. Web. 3 Jan. 2022. ## Slide 274 WebSanity. “HTML: blockquote element”. CodePen, 3 Jan. 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/KKXZLXE?editors=1000. Web. 3 Jan. 2022. ## Slide 276 WebSanity. “Awesome Blockquote Styling with CSS Live Preview”. CodePen, 29 Oct. 2024, https://codepen.io/websanity/live/jOgzqzN. Web. 29 Oct 2024. See https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/jOgzqzN?editors=1100 for code. Forked from: Max. “Awesome Blockquote Styling with CSS”. CodePen, https://codepen.io/maxds/pen/nzmMyO?editors=1100. Web. 29 Oct. 2024. ## Slide 277 Putman, Harm. “Blockquote”. CodePen, https://codepen.io/harmputman/pen/vYVvNb?editors=1000. Web. 29 Oct 2024. ## Slide 278 Clift, Jonathan. “Clean and simple blockquote style”. CodePen, https://codepen.io/cliftwalker/pen/XJaEXY?editors=1000. Web. 29 Oct 2024. ## Slide 279 Sargsyan, Tigran. “Blockquote Styling”. CodePen, 23 Aug. 2020, https://codepen.io/tiggr/details/MWyJJEz. Web. 29 Oct 2024. ## Slide 280 Yabsley, Paul. “Blockquote module for Ofsted inspection excerpt”. CodePen, https://codepen.io/paulyabsley/pen/vYYpyJ?editors=1000. Web. 29 Oct 2024. ## Slide 281 Mugtaba G. “Blockquote Style”. CodePen, https://codepen.io/Oddward/pen/YzKJmKa?editors=1000. Web. 29 Oct 2024. ## Slide 282 Rivett, Fred. “CodePen Search”. CodePen, https://codepen.io/fredrivett/pen/bGZZNg?editors=1000. Web. 29 Oct 2024. ## Slide 283 Shaw, Katherine G. “Speech Bubble Blockquote with Sassy Right Triangles”. CodePen, https://codepen.io/KatherineGShaw/pen/MKGPbX?editors=1000. Web. 29 Oct 2024. ## Slide 284 There are 2 exceptions:
           (see https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/pre) &   (see Character References for more)
          
          ## Slide 285
          
          WHATWG. “4.4.14 The main element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-main-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022.
          
          MDN contributors. “
          ”. MDN, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/main. Web. 9 Feb 2022. ## Slide 286 WHATWG. “4.4.14 The main element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-main-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “
          ”. MDN, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/main. Web. 9 Feb 2022. ## Slide 287 WHATWG. “4.4.14 The main element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-main-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “
          ”. MDN, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/main. Web. 9 Feb 2022. ## Slide 289 MDN contributors. “
          ”. MDN, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/main.html. Web. 9 Feb 2022. Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “HTML5 semantic elements”. Can I use…, https://caniuse.com/html5semantic. Web. 9 Feb 2022. ## Slide 290 David O'Brien [@se_davidobrien@mastodon.scot]. “Saying ‘No-one using our service has accessibility needs’ is a bit like saying ‘We don't need a ramp, no-one in a wheelchair has ever come up the stairs’.”. *Mastodon*. mastodon.scot, 14 Mar. 2025, https://mastodon.scot/@se_davidobrien/114161547614556118. Web. 16 Mar. 2025. ## Slide 295 WHATWG. “3.2.6 Global attributes”. HTML Living Standard, 19 Mar 2023, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#global-attributes. Web. 19 Mar 2023. MDN contributors. “Global attributes”. MDN Web Docs, 1 July 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes. Web. 8 July 2022. MDN contributors. “Using ARIA: Roles, states, and properties”. MDN Web Docs, 17 May 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Accessibility/ARIA/ARIA_Techniques. Web. 8 July 2022. In April 2021, there were 27 global attributes & 63 JavaScript event handlers; as of March 2023, there were 24 global attributes & 70 JavaScript event handlers ## Slide 297 WHATWG. “3.2.6 Global attributes”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#classes. Web. 8 July 2022. MDN contributors. “class”. MDN Web Docs, 17 May 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/class. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 298 WHATWG. “3.2.6.1 The title attribute”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#the-title-attribute. Web. 8 July 2022. MDN contributors. “title”. MDN Web Docs, 27 Apr 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/title. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 299 WebSanity. “HTML global attribute: title”. CodePen, 8 Apr. 2025, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/dypzrw?editors=1000. Web. 8 Apr. 2025. ## Slide 300 WHATWG. “3.2.6.1 The title attribute”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#the-title-attribute. Web. 8 July 2022. MDN contributors. “title”. MDN Web Docs, 27 Apr 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/title. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 301 WHATWG. “3.2.6.1 The title attribute”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#the-title-attribute. Web. 8 July 2022. MDN contributors. “title”. MDN Web Docs, 27 Apr 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/title. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 305 WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 306 WHATWG. “4.10.5 The input element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/input.html#the-input-element. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 309 WHATWG. “3.2.6.6 Embedding custom non-visible data with the data-* attributes”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/dom.html#attr-data-*. Web. 8 July 2022. MDN contributors. “data-*”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Global_attributes/data-*. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 311 A string is a “sequence of alphanumeric text or other symbols” Attribute values are always strings: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#attributes ## Slide 313 WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 315 WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 317 WHATWG. “4.4.5 The ol element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-ol-element. Web. 8 July 2022. WHATWG. “2.3.2 Boolean attributes”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#boolean-attribute. Web. 8 July 2022. MDN contributors. “HTML attribute reference”. MDN Web Docs, 27 Apr 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Attributes#boolean_attributes. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 318 WebSanity. “HTML: Boolean attributes”. CodePen, 22 June 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/gOPggVr?editors=1000. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 319 $ curl -s "https://html.spec.whatwg.org" | grep -C 3 "boolean\s*attribute" ## Slide 322 “There must never be two or more attributes on the same start tag whose names are an ASCII case-insensitive match for each other.” Source: WHATWG. “13.1.2.3 Attributes”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/syntax.html#attributes-2. Web. 8 July 2022. “duplicate-attribute: This error occurs if the parser encounters an attribute in a tag that already has an attribute with the same name. The parser ignores all such duplicate occurrences of the attribute.” Source: WHATWG. “13.2.2 Parse errors”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/parsing.html#parse-errors. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 326 MDN contributors. “Semantics”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Oct 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Semantics. Web. 8 July 2022. WHATWG. “3.2.1 Semantics”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#semantics-2. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 327 MDN contributors. “Semantics”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Oct 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Semantics. Web. 8 July 2022. WHATWG. “3.2.1 Semantics”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#semantics-2. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 337 FIXME ## Slide 338 FIXME ## Slide 341 The appearance to a viewer would be the same, but the non-semantic code on the right has a different structure (only 1 object in the document tree, not 2 as on the left) AND a different meaning (it’s not 2 paragraphs, it’s 1) ## Slide 342 The appearance to a viewer would be the same, but the non-semantic code on the right has a different structure (only 1 object in the document tree, not 2 as on the left) AND a different meaning (it’s not 2 paragraphs, it’s 1) ## Slide 348 MDN contributors. “Semantics”. MDN Web Docs, 7 Oct 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Semantics. Web. 8 July 2022. WHATWG. “3.2.1 Semantics”. HTML Living Standard, 29 Mar. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/#semantics-2. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 349 “HTML/New HTML5 Elements”. W3C Wiki, 18 Nov. 2011, https://www.w3.org/wiki/HTML/New_HTML5_Elements. Web. 4 Apr 2022. : Hickson, Ian et al. “4.4.15 The search element”. WHATWG. HTML Living Standard, 24 Oct 2023, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/grouping-content.html#the-search-element. Web. 25 Oct 2023. MDN contributors. “: The generic search element”. MDN Web Docs, 13 Sep 2023, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/search. Web. 25 Oct 2023. ## Slide 350 “In Finland planners are known to visit their parks immediately after the first snowfall, when the existing paths are not visible. People naturally choose desire lines, which are then clearly indicated by their footprints and can be used to guide the routing of paths.” Source: “3.3 Public Space: The Lost River Park”, found in Earls Court Project Application 1, Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea Cultural Strategy, June 2011, pg. 95. https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/idoxWAM/doc/Other-777167.pdf?extension=.pdf&id=777167&location=VOLUME2&contentType=application/pdf&pageCount=1. Joly, Gordon. “Two Desire Paths, Battersea Park.” Flickr, 23 Sept. 2006, https://www.flickr.com/photos/loopzilla/251134757/in/pool-desire_paths/. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. Licensed CC BY-SA 2.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/. ## Slide 351 “In Finland planners are known to visit their parks immediately after the first snowfall, when the existing paths are not visible. People naturally choose desire lines, which are then clearly indicated by their footprints and can be used to guide the routing of paths.” Source: “3.3 Public Space: The Lost River Park”, found in Earls Court Project Application 1, Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea Cultural Strategy, June 2011, pg. 95. https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/idoxWAM/doc/Other-777167.pdf?extension=.pdf&id=777167&location=VOLUME2&contentType=application/pdf&pageCount=1. Joly, Gordon. “Two Desire Paths, Battersea Park.” Flickr, 23 Sept. 2006, https://www.flickr.com/photos/loopzilla/251134757/in/pool-desire_paths/. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. Licensed CC BY-SA 2.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/. ## Slide 352 “In Finland planners are known to visit their parks immediately after the first snowfall, when the existing paths are not visible. People naturally choose desire lines, which are then clearly indicated by their footprints and can be used to guide the routing of paths.” Source: “3.3 Public Space: The Lost River Park”, found in Earls Court Project Application 1, Royal Borough of Kensington & Chelsea Cultural Strategy, June 2011, pg. 95. https://www.rbkc.gov.uk/idoxWAM/doc/Other-777167.pdf?extension=.pdf&id=777167&location=VOLUME2&contentType=application/pdf&pageCount=1. Joly, Gordon. “Two Desire Paths, Battersea Park.” Flickr, 23 Sept. 2006, https://www.flickr.com/photos/loopzilla/251134757/in/pool-desire_paths/. Web. 14 Sept. 2016. Licensed CC BY-SA 2.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0/. ## Slide 353 Granneman, R. Scott. “20070630_badlands_like_grand_canyon”. 30 June 2007. Author’s personal collection. ## Slide 354 Granneman, Scott. “Gus walking on a path in the Badlands”. 30 June 2007. Author’s personal collection. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. ## Slide 355 Granneman, Scott. “Gus walking on a path in the Badlands”. 30 June 2007. Author’s personal collection. Licensed CC BY-SA 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/. ## Slide 356 “Wildstone Media”. Internet Archive. Wildstone Media, 10 Aug. 2014, https://web.archive.org/web/20150629005858/https://wildstonemedia.com/. Web. 16 Apr. 2024. ## Slide 359 Looking through your code, the semantic elements on the right would be far easier to understand Structurally & visually, the semantic elements on the right are exactly like those on the left, but they have meaning that those on the left do not ## Slide 362 FIXME:
          should have

          inside it ## Slide 363 WHATWG. “4.3.10 The address element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/sections.html#the-address-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “

          : The Contact Address element”. MDN, 21 Jan. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/address. Web. 9 Feb 2022. ## Slide 364 Boston Consulting Group. “Careers Blog”. Boston Consulting Group, 16 Feb 2023, https://careers.bcg.com/blog. Web. 19 Feb 2023. ## Slide 366 WebSanity. “HTML: address element”. CodePen, 24 July 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/jOWJZaj?editors=1000. Web. 24 July 2020. Lovecraft, H. P. “At the Mountains of Madness”. The H. P. Lovecraft Archive, 20 Aug. 2009, https://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx. Web. 1 May 2014. ## Slide 367 WebSanity. “HTML: address element”. CodePen, 24 July 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/jOWJZaj?editors=1000. Web. 24 July 2020. Lovecraft, H. P. “At the Mountains of Madness”. The H. P. Lovecraft Archive, 20 Aug. 2009, https://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx. Web. 1 May 2014. ## Slide 368 WebSanity. “HTML: address element”. CodePen, 24 July 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/jOWJZaj?editors=1000. Web. 24 July 2020. Lovecraft, H. P. “At the Mountains of Madness”. The H. P. Lovecraft Archive, 20 Aug. 2009, https://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx. Web. 1 May 2014. ## Slide 369 WebSanity. “HTML: address element”. CodePen, 24 July 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/jOWJZaj?editors=1000. Web. 24 July 2020. Lovecraft, H. P. “At the Mountains of Madness”. The H. P. Lovecraft Archive, 20 Aug. 2009, https://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx. Web. 1 May 2014. ## Slide 370 Emily’s Rule ## Slide 371 WebSanity. “HTML: address element may contain additional text”. CodePen, 1 May 2014, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/djmCE. Web. 1 May 2014. Lovecraft, H. P. “The Case of Charles Dexter Ward”. The H. P. Lovecraft Archive, 20 Aug. 2009, https://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/cdw.aspx. Web. 1 May 2014. ## Slide 375 WHATWG. “4.5.2 The em element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-em-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Emphasis element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/em. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 376 WebSanity. “HTML: em element”. CodePen, 11 Sept. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/GRqwWy?editors=1000. Web. 11 Sept. 2014. ## Slide 377 WHATWG. “4.5.20 The i element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-i-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Idiomatic Text element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/i. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 378 WebSanity. “HTML: i element”. CodePen, 30 Nov 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/oNLQzY?editors=1000. Web. 30 Nov 2022. ## Slide 379 WHATWG. “4.5.3 The strong element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-strong-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Strong Importance element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/strong. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 380 WebSanity. “HTML: strong element”. CodePen, 27 Apr 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/VwjVpb?editors=1000. Web. 27 Apr 2014. ## Slide 381 WHATWG. “4.5.21 The b element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Bring Attention To element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/b. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 382 WHATWG. “4.5.21 The b element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-b-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Bring Attention To element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/b. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 383 WebSanity. “HTML: b element”. CodePen, 27 Apr. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/KKMrNE?editors=1000. Web. 27 Apr. 2014. Why is that text bold? Because it’s more important? Because it should be strongly emphasized? Or because it looks nice bold? Lovecraft, H. P. “At the Mountains of Madness”. The H. P. Lovecraft Archive, 20 Aug. 2009, https://www.hplovecraft.com/writings/texts/fiction/mm.aspx. Web. 1 May 2014. Wikipedia contributors. “Heartbleed”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 Feb. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heartbleed&oldid=1070692249. Web. 9 Feb. 2022. ## Slide 385 WHATWG. “4.5.5 The s element”. MDN Web Docs, 11 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-s-element. Web. 13 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Strikethrough element”. MDN Web Docs, 12 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/s. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 386 WebSanity. “HTML: s element”. CodePen, 13 July 2020, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/xynaj. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 387 WHATWG. “4.5.22 The u element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-u-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Unarticulated Annotation (Underline) element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/u. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 388 WebSanity. “HTML: u element”. CodePen, 2 May 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/YzGrqo?editors=1000. Web. 2 May 2014. ## Slide 389 Schröter, Fritz. 1945–46, https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lDHkH919w48/TavRb0BbjaI/AAAAAAAAA9k/tVqkSuW8698/s1600/POW2.jpg. Messenger, Robert. “Typewriter Book Written in US POW Camp”. oz.Typewriter: The Wonderful World of Typewriters, 18 Apr. 2011, https://oztypewriter.blogspot.com/2011/04/typewriter-book-written-in-us-pow-camp.html. Web. 11 Sept. 2014. Fair use. ## Slide 391 “The Selectric Typewriter”. *IBM*. IBM 100: Icons of Progress, 16 Mar 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20191002202520/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/selectric/. Web. 7 Nov 2023. Fair use. Modified by converting to the WebP format. ## Slide 392 “The Selectric Typewriter”. *IBM*. IBM 100: Icons of Progress, 16 Mar 2011, https://web.archive.org/web/20191002202520/https://www.ibm.com/ibm/history/ibm100/us/en/icons/selectric/. Web. 7 Nov 2023. “Learn”. Type Balls, 2019, https://typeballs.com/learn/. Web. 7 Nov 2023. Fair use. Modified by converting to the WebP format. ## Slide 393 Gerhyrah’s Rule ## Slide 396 WHATWG. “4.5.4 The small element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-small-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022. MDN contributors. “: the side comment element”. MDN Web Docs, 2 Oct. 2021, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/small. Web. 13 Feb 2022. ## Slide 397 WebSanity. “HTML: small element”. CodePen, 14 Nov. 2024, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLaJJZ?editors=100. Web. 14 Nov. 2024. ## Slide 398 WebSanity. “HTML: small element”. CodePen, 14 Nov. 2024, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/yLaJJZ?editors=100. Web. 14 Nov. 2024. ## Slide 399 WHATWG. “4.5.4 The small element”. HTML Living Standard, 3 Feb. 2022, http://www.whatwg.org/specs/web-apps/current-work/multipage/text-level-semantics.html#the-small-element. Web. 9 Feb 2022. ## Slide 400 WebSanity. “HTML: h2-h6 are not subheadings 2”. CodePen, 21 Oct. 2017, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/eYzKqa?editors=1000. Web. 21 Oct. 2017. ## Slide 401 WebSanity. “HTML: h2-h6 are not subheadings 2”. CodePen, 21 Oct. 2017, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/eYzKqa?editors=1000. Web. 21 Oct. 2017. ## Slide 402 WebSanity. “HTML: h2-h6 are not subheadings 2”. CodePen, 21 Oct. 2017, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/eYzKqa?editors=1000. Web. 21 Oct. 2017. ## Slide 408 Wikipedia contributors. “Raster graphics”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 24 June 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics. Web. 8 Jul. 2022. ## Slide 409 Enfield, Susan. “How Many Photos Will be Taken in 2022?”. Mylio, 9 Mar 2022, https://news.mylio.com/how-many-photos-taken-in-2022/. Web. 21 Feb 2023. ## Slide 410 Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022. Note that this is a PNG version of the SVG file. ## Slide 411 Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022. Note that this is a PNG version of the SVG file. ## Slide 412 Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022. Note that this is a PNG version of the SVG file. ## Slide 413 Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022. Note that this is a PNG version of the SVG file. ## Slide 414 WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022. ## Slide 415 WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022. ## Slide 416 WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022. ## Slide 418 Adobe Photoshop: https://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop.html Microsoft Paint: https://apps.microsoft.com/store/detail/paint/9PCFS5B6T72H?hl=en-us&gl=US “Paint.NET - Free Software for Digital Photo Editing”. Paint.NET, 19 Feb 2023, https://getpaint.net/. Web. 21 Feb 2023. Mueller, Gus. “Acorn 7 | Full Featured Photo Editor for the Mac”. Flying Meat, 2023, https://flyingmeat.com/acorn/. Web. 21 Feb 2023. “Pixelmator Pro”. Pixelmator, 21 Dec 2022, https://www.pixelmator.com/pro/. Web. 21 Feb 2023. “Affinity Photo – award-winning photo editing software”. Serif, https://affinity.serif.com/en-us/photo/. Web. 2 Mar 2022. ## Slide 420 Wikipedia contributors. “Vector graphics”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 26 June 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vector_graphics. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 422 WebSanity. “HTML - SVG example”. CodePen, 7 June 2015, http://codepen.io/websanity/pen/xGdLxJ?editors=100. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ## Slide 423 WebSanity. “SVG Yin Yang”. CodePen, 15 Jan. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/poEqPNN?editors=1000. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ## Slide 424 WebSanity. “HSL Color Wheel: Tones”. CodePen, 23 July 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/QWNMRq?editors=1000. Web. 19 Feb 2022. ## Slide 425 WebSanity. “HSL Color Wheel: Tones”. CodePen, 23 July 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/QWNMRq?editors=1000. Web. 19 Feb 2022. ## Slide 426 WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022. ## Slide 427 WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022. ## Slide 428 WebSanity. “Raster vs. Vector”. CodePen, 2 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/OJQdmdr?editors=1000. Web. 2 Jul 2022. ## Slide 429 Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ## Slide 430 Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ## Slide 431 Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ## Slide 432 Tonchino. “File:Vector-based example.svg”. Wikipedia, 11 Jan. 2013, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vector-based_example.svg. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ## Slide 434 FIXME: add screenshots ## Slide 435 “Industry-leading vector graphics software | Adobe Illustrator”. Adobe, 20 Feb 2023, https://www.adobe.com/products/illustrator.html. Web. 23 Feb 2023. duarte.framos et al. “Draw Freely”. Inkscape, https://inkscape.org/. Web. 23 Feb 2023. “Graphic Design, Illustration and Technical Software”. CorelDRAW, https://www.coreldraw.com/en/. Web. 23 Feb 2023. “The Most Intuitive and Precise Illustration Software in the Galaxy”. Vectornator, https://www.vectornator.io/. Web. 23 Feb 2023. “Affinity Designer: award-winning graphic design software”. Serif, https://affinity.serif.com/en-us/designer/. Web. 23 Feb 2023. “Pixelmator Pro”. Pixelmator, 21 Dec 2022, https://www.pixelmator.com/pro/. Web. 21 Feb 2023. Foksa, Jarosław. “Boxy SVG Editor”. Boxy SVG, https://boxy-svg.com/. Web. 23 Feb 2023. ## Slide 436 WHATWG. “4.8.3 The img element”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#the-img-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Image Embed element”. MDN Web Docs, 29 Mar. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 438 If you are not using responsive design, & you do not specify a width & height (either using these attributes or in CSS), then your webpage will reflow the content as images load, which doesn’t look great & can be disconcerting for the user WHATWG. “4.8.3 The img element”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#the-img-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Image Embed element”. MDN Web Docs, 29 Mar. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 439 WHATWG. “4.8.4.4 Requirements for providing text to act as an alternative for images”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/images.html#alt. Web. 4 Apr 2022. WHATWG. “4.8.3 The img element”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#the-img-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Image Embed element”. MDN Web Docs, 29 Mar. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 440 VJ Von Art. “white concrete building under blue sky during daytime”. Unsplash, 26 May 2021, https://unsplash.com/photos/BP1Ze0qcp-c. Web. 27 Feb 2022. Licensed from Unsplash: https://unsplash.com/license. ## Slide 441 I had a student put that in their code! VJ Von Art. “white concrete building under blue sky during daytime”. Unsplash, 26 May 2021, https://unsplash.com/photos/BP1Ze0qcp-c. Web. 27 Feb 2022. Licensed from Unsplash: https://unsplash.com/license. ## Slide 442 VJ Von Art. “white concrete building under blue sky during daytime”. Unsplash, 26 May 2021, https://unsplash.com/photos/BP1Ze0qcp-c. Web. 27 Feb 2022. Licensed from Unsplash: https://unsplash.com/license. ## Slide 445 “Meet Claude”. Anthropic, 2025, https://www.anthropic.com/claude. Web. 20 Feb 2025. ## Slide 470 WHATWG. “4.8.4.4 Requirements for providing text to act as an alternative for images”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/images.html#alt. Web. 4 Apr 2022. WHATWG. “4.8.3 The img element”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#the-img-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Image Embed element”. MDN Web Docs, 29 Mar. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 471 WebSanity. “img element: Leave out value for alt”. CodePen, 27 Feb 2023, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/LYJxYGW?editors=1100. Web. 27 Feb 2023. ## Slide 474 WebSanity. “HTML: img element”. CodePen, 30 Apr. 2014, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/poEJqZ?editors=1000. Web. 4 Apr 2022. Often, but not always, goes inside an element that can hold embedded content, e.g.,

          ## Slide 475 WHATWG. “4.8.3 The img element”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr. 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/embedded-content.html#the-img-element. Web. 3 Apr 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Image Embed element”. MDN Web Docs, 29 Mar. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/img. Web. 3 Apr 2022. ## Slide 477 WebSanity. “HTML: img with srcset attribute”. CodePen, 7 Dec. 2021, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/gOGPNwa?editors=1000. Web. 7 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 480 srcset & sizes: Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “Srcset and sizes attributes”. Can I use…, 4 Apr 2022, https://caniuse.com/srcset. Web. 4 Apr 2022. GoogleChrome. “Feature: ”. Chrome Platform Status, 9 Nov. 2020, https://www.chromestatus.com/feature/4644337115725824. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ## Slide 484 Unsplash Team. “Beautiful Free Images & Pictures | Unsplash”. Unsplash, 29 June 2020, https://unsplash.com. Web. 29 June 2020. ## Slide 485 Potschien, Denis. “Unsplash.it: Use Placeholder Photos From Unsplash.com”. Jotform, 19 Aug 2020, https://www.jotform.com/blog/unsplash-it-use-placeholder-photos-from-unsplash-com-93599/. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 486 Potschien, Denis. “Unsplash.it: Use Placeholder Photos From Unsplash.com”. Jotform, 19 Aug 2020, https://www.jotform.com/blog/unsplash-it-use-placeholder-photos-from-unsplash-com-93599/. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 487 WebSanity. “HTML: Placeholder images with Unsplash”. CodePen, 5 July 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/ExEVEMo?editors=1000. Web. 5 Jul 2022. ## Slide 488 Heimlich, Russell. “Dynamic Dummy Image Generator”. Dynamic Dummy Image Generator, 19 Nov 2021, https://dummyimage.com. Web. 5 Jul 2022. ## Slide 489 Heimlich, Russell. “Dynamic Dummy Image Generator”. Dynamic Dummy Image Generator, 19 Nov 2021, https://dummyimage.com. Web. 5 Jul 2022. ## Slide 490 Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020. ## Slide 491 Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020. ## Slide 492 Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020. ## Slide 493 Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020. ## Slide 494 Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020. ## Slide 495 Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020. ## Slide 497 Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020. ## Slide 498 Wang, Phillip. This Person Does Not Exist, https://thispersondoesnotexist.com. Web. 17 Sept. 2020. ## Slide 500 60%: LePage, Pete. “Images”. Google Developers, 27 October 2020, https://web.archive.org/web/20211202102738/https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/design-and-ux/responsive/images. Web. 3 December 2021. ## Slide 503 Wikipedia contributors. “GIF”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 6 December 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=GIF&oldid=1058928240. Web. 7 December 2021. “Baby Run Omg GIF”. Tenor, 6 May 2017, https://tenor.com/view/baby-run-omg-oops-gif-8508999. Web. 10 Nov. 2021. ## Slide 504 Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 28 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JPEG&oldid=1057572559. Web. 7 December 2021. ## Slide 505 Wikipedia contributors. “Portable Network Graphics”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 1 December 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portable_Network_Graphics&oldid=1058174006. Web. 7 December 2021. ## Slide 506 Wikipedia contributors. “Scalable Vector Graphics”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scalable_Vector_Graphics&oldid=1058807617, 5 December 2021. Web. 7 December 2021. ## Slide 507 MDN contributors. “Image file type and format guide”. MDN Web Docs, 17 Mar. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/Media/Formats/Image_types. Web. 4 Apr 2022. ## Slide 509 FIXME: add pages listing apps that support each format ## Slide 510 Google. “An image format for the Web”. Google Developers, 16 August 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115942/https://developers.google.com/speed/webp. Web. 5 December 2021. Wikipedia contributors. “WebP.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebP&oldid=1056059303. Web. 3 December 2021. Deveria, Alexis. “WebP image format”. Can I use..., 26 Mar 2021, https://caniuse.com/webp. Web. 27 Mar 2023. ## Slide 511 Google. “An image format for the Web”. Google Developers, 16 August 2021, https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115942/https://developers.google.com/speed/webp. Web. 5 December 2021. Wikipedia contributors. “WebP.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebP&oldid=1056059303. Web. 3 December 2021. ## Slide 512 Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong’s Ella and Louis (1956). See: Wikipedia contributors. “Ella and Louis”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ella_and_Louis&oldid=1061221899, 20 Dec. 2021. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. Radiohead’s OK Computer (1997). See: Wikipedia contributors. “OK Computer”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OK_Computer&oldid=1080957748, 4 Apr. 2022. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. Frank Sinatra’s Come Fly With Me (1958). See: Wikipedia contributors. “Come Fly with Me (Frank Sinatra album)”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_Fly_with_Me_(Frank_Sinatra_album)&oldid=1050650635, 19 Oct. 2021. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. ## Slide 513 Ella Fitzgerald and Louis Armstrong’s Ella and Louis (1956). See: Wikipedia contributors. “Ella and Louis”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Dec. 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ella_and_Louis&oldid=1061221899. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. Radiohead’s OK Computer (1997). See: Wikipedia contributors. “OK Computer”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 4 Apr. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OK_Computer&oldid=1080957748. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. Frank Sinatra’s Come Fly With Me (1958). See: Wikipedia contributors. “Come Fly with Me (Frank Sinatra album)”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 Oct. 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Come_Fly_with_Me_(Frank_Sinatra_album)&oldid=1050650635. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. ## Slide 514 M. C. Escher’s Drawing Hands (1948). See: Wikipedia contributors. “Drawing Hands”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 22 Feb. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drawing_Hands&oldid=1073475238. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. Hokusai’s The Great Wave Off Kanagawa (1831). See: Wikipedia contributors. “The Great Wave off Kanagawa”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Mar. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa&oldid=1078318929. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. Georges Seurat’s A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884). See: Wikipedia contributors. “A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 27 Feb. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte&oldid=1074227011. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. ## Slide 515 M. C. Escher’s Drawing Hands (1948). See: Wikipedia contributors. “Drawing Hands”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 22 Feb. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drawing_Hands&oldid=1073475238. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. Hokusai’s The Great Wave Off Kanagawa (1831). See: Wikipedia contributors. “The Great Wave off Kanagawa”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 20 Mar. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Wave_off_Kanagawa&oldid=1078318929. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. Georges Seurat’s A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte (1884). See: Wikipedia contributors. “A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 27 Feb. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Sunday_Afternoon_on_the_Island_of_La_Grande_Jatte&oldid=1074227011. Web. 4 Apr. 2022. ## Slide 516 NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Webb ERO Production Team. “Tarantula Nebula (NIRCam Image)”. Webb Space Telescope, 6 Sep 2022, https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2022/041/01GA76MYFN0FMKNRHGCAGGYCVQ?news=true. Web. 6 Sep 2022. Public domain. ## Slide 518 Issaoun, Sara et al. “Astronomers unveil strong magnetic fields spiraling at the edge of Milky Way’s central black hole”. European Southern Observatory, 27 Mar. 2024, https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2406/. Web. 29 Mar. 2024. Licensed CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Modified by converting to the WebP format. ## Slide 519 Issaoun, Sara et al. “Astronomers unveil strong magnetic fields spiraling at the edge of Milky Way’s central black hole”. European Southern Observatory, 27 Mar. 2024, https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso2406/. Web. 29 Mar. 2024. Licensed CC BY 4.0: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. Modified by converting to the WebP format. ## Slide 520 Wikipedia contributors. “WebP.” Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 19 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WebP&oldid=1056059303. Web. 3 December 2021. Google. “WebP 2”. Google Git, 29 November 2021, https://chromium.googlesource.com/codecs/libwebp2/. Web. 5 December 2021. ## Slide 521 Google. “WebPShop”. Google Developers, 16 August 2021, https://developers.google.com/speed/webp/docs/webpshop. Web. 6 December 2021. “Work with WebP files in Photoshop”. Adobe Support, 15 Nov 2022, https://helpx.adobe.com/photoshop/kb/support-webp-image-format.html. Web. 25 Jan 2023. ## Slide 522 WebM Project. “WebPShop”. GitHub, 26 November 2021, https://github.com/webmproject/WebPShop. Web. 6 December 2021. ## Slide 524 Wikipedia contributors. “AVIF”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 27 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AVIF&oldid=1057338374. Web. 7 December 2021. Archibald, Jake. “AVIF has landed”. Jake Archibald, 8 September 2020, https://jakearchibald.com/2020/avif-has-landed/. Web. 6 December 2021. ## Slide 525 Wikipedia contributors. “AVIF”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 27 November 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AVIF&oldid=1057338374. Web. 7 December 2021. ## Slide 526 Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 December 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JPEG_XL&oldid=1058484706. Web. 7 December 2021. Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) committee. “Overview of JPEG XL”. JPEG, https://jpeg.org/jpegxl/. Web. 9 Feb 2022. ## Slide 527 Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “JPEG XL image format”. Can I use…, 29 Nov 2022, https://caniuse.com/jpegxl. Web. 30 Nov 2022. Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 Mar. 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_XL. Web. 12 Mar. 2025. Zahra, Areen. “What Google knows about you might give you goosebumps”. TechEngage, https://techengage.com/what-google-knows-about-me/. Web. 12 Mar. 2025. Fair use. Modified by making background transparent. ## Slide 528 Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 Mar. 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_XL. Web. 12 Mar. 2025. ## Slide 529 Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “JPEG XL image format”. Can I use…, 29 Nov 2022, https://caniuse.com/jpegxl. Web. 30 Nov 2022. Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 Mar. 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_XL. Web. 12 Mar. 2025. ## Slide 530 dah…@chromium.org. “Comment 84”, from “Issue 1178058: JPEG XL decoding support (image/jxl) in blink (tracking bug)”. Chromium Bugs, 30 Oct 2022, https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1178058#c84. Web. 30 Nov 2022. Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 Mar. 2025, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_XL. Web. 12 Mar. 2025. Sneyers, Jon. “The Case for JPEG XL”. Cloudinary, 2 Nov. 2022, https://cloudinary.com/blog/the-case-for-jpeg-xl. Web. 12 Mar. 2025. There is an attempt to bring back JPEG XL support in Chromium; to follow along, track “Request: Re-open JPEG XL issue” at https://issues.chromium.org/issues/40270698 Firefox is willing to implement JPEG XL if the decoder is rewritten in Rust instead of C++. See “Firefox will consider a Rust implementation of JPEG-XL #1064” at https://github.com/mozilla/standards-positions/pull/1064 for details. ## Slide 531 Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 December 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JPEG_XL&oldid=1058484706. Web. 7 December 2021. Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) committee. “Overview of JPEG XL”. JPEG, https://jpeg.org/jpegxl/. Web. 9 Feb 2022. ## Slide 532 Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 3 December 2021, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JPEG_XL&oldid=1058484706. Web. 7 December 2021. Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) committee. “Overview of JPEG XL”. JPEG, https://jpeg.org/jpegxl/. Web. 9 Feb 2022. The JPEG XL Community. “JPEG XL”. JPEG XL, 2024, https://jpegxl.info/index.html. Web. 11 Sep 2024. ## Slide 533 The JPEG XL Community. “JPEG XL”. JPEG XL, 2024, https://jpegxl.info/index.html. Web. 11 Sep 2024. ## Slide 534 Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 31 Jan. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JPEG_XL&oldid=1069103728. Web. 9 Feb. 2022. The JPEG XL Community. “Supported Software”. JPEG XL, 2024, https://jpegxl.info/resources/supported-software.html. Web. 12 Mar. 2025. ## Slide 535 Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 31 Jan. 2022, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JPEG_XL&oldid=1069103728. Web. 9 Feb. 2022. The JPEG XL Community. “Supported Software”. JPEG XL, 2024, https://jpegxl.info/resources/supported-software.html. Web. 12 Mar. 2025. ## Slide 536 † lucia scarlet 🩸 [@luciascarlet]. “macOS Sonoma has proper system-wide support for JPEG XL including in [http://Photos.app](https://t.co/db5xgNGXla) and [http://Preview.app](https://t.co/DhEzZAUovt), not just in Safari”. Twitter, 6 June 2023, https://twitter.com/luciascarlet/status/1666053797049671680. Web. 11 Oct 2023. Wikipedia contributors. “JPEG XL”. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 8 Sep. 2024, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPEG_XL. Web. 11 Sep. 2024. ## Slide 537 Yung-Luen Lan. “JXLook”. GitHub, 30 Nov. 2021, https://github.com/yllan/JXLook. Web. 12 Mar. 2025. ## Slide 538 Microsoft. “JPEG XL Image Extension”. Microsoft Store, 4 Dec. 2023, https://apps.microsoft.com/detail/9mzprth5c0tb?hl=en-US&gl=US. Web. 12 Mar 2025. ## Slide 539 Microsoft. “JPEG XL Image Extension”. Microsoft Store, 4 Dec. 2023, https://apps.microsoft.com/detail/9mzprth5c0tb?hl=en-US&gl=US. Web. 12 Mar 2025. ## Slide 541 zamfofex. “JPEG XL Viewer”. Chrome Web Store, 3 Jan. 2024, https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/jpeg-xl-viewer/bkhdlfmkaenamnlbpdfplekldlnghchp. Web. 12 Mar 2025. ## Slide 542 zamfofex. “JPEG XL Viewer”. Chrome Web Store, 3 Jan. 2024, https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/jpeg-xl-viewer/bkhdlfmkaenamnlbpdfplekldlnghchp. Web. 12 Mar 2025. ## Slide 543 zamfofex. “JPEG XL viewer – Get this Extension for 🦊 Firefox (en-US)”. Firefox Browser Add-Ons, 2 Jan. 2024, https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/jxl/. Web. 12 Mar 2025. ## Slide 545 Singh, Navjot. “Does your browser support the new image format JPEG XL?”. NSpeaks, 10 May 2021, https://nspeaks.com/jpeg-xl-browser-support/. Web. 12 Mar 2025. ## Slide 546 The JPEG XL Community. “JPEG XL Test Page”. JPEG XL, https://jpegxl.info/resources/jpeg-xl-test-page.html. Web. 12 Mar 2025. ## Slide 547 The JPEG XL Community. “JPEG XL Test Page”. JPEG XL, https://jpegxl.info/resources/jpeg-xl-test-page.html. Web. 12 Mar 2025. ## Slide 548 The JPEG XL Community. “JPEG XL Test Page”. JPEG XL, https://jpegxl.info/resources/jpeg-xl-test-page.html. Web. 12 Mar 2025. ## Slide 549 The JPEG XL Community. “JPEG XL Test Page”. JPEG XL, https://jpegxl.info/resources/jpeg-xl-test-page.html. Web. 12 Mar 2025. ## Slide 550 The JPEG XL Community. “JPEG XL Test Page”. JPEG XL, https://jpegxl.info/resources/jpeg-xl-test-page.html. Web. 12 Mar 2025. ## Slide 551 WebP: Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “WebP image format”. Can I use…, 24 Sep 2023, https://caniuse.com/webp. Web. 26 Sep 2023. AVIF Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “AVIF image format”. Can I use…, 8 Feb. 2025, https://caniuse.com/avif. Web. 11 Feb. 2025. “Chrome 85: Upload Streaming, Human Interface Devices, Custom Properties with Inheritance and More”. Chromium Blog, 23 July 2020, https://blog.chromium.org/2020/07/chrome-85-upload-streaming-human.html. Web. 2 December 2021. JPEG XL Deveria, Alexis [@Fyrd]. “JPEG XL image format”. Can I use…, 24 Sep 2023, https://caniuse.com/jpegxl. Web. 26 Sep 2023. dah…@chromium.org. “Comment 84”, from “Issue 1178058: JPEG XL decoding support (image/jxl) in blink (tracking bug)”. Chromium Bugs, 30 Oct 2022, https://bugs.chromium.org/p/chromium/issues/detail?id=1178058#c84. Web. 30 Nov 2022. ## Slide 553 GoogleChromeLabs. “Squoosh”. Squoosh, https://squoosh.app. Web. 6 Dec. 2021. GoogleChromeLabs. “squoosh”. GitHub, 20 October 2021, https://github.com/GoogleChromeLabs/squoosh. Web. 6 December 2021. ## Slide 554 GoogleChromeLabs. “Squoosh”. Squoosh, https://squoosh.app/editor. Web. 6 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 555 GoogleChromeLabs. “Squoosh”. Squoosh, https://squoosh.app/editor. Web. 6 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 556 GoogleChromeLabs. “Squoosh”. Squoosh, https://squoosh.app/editor. Web. 6 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 557 GoogleChromeLabs. “Squoosh”. Squoosh, https://squoosh.app/editor. Web. 6 Dec. 2021. ## Slide 561 JacobDev1. “XL Converter”. Code Poems, 2024, https://codepoems.eu/xl-converter/. Web. 06 Apr 2024. ## Slide 562 JacobDev1. “XL Converter”. Code Poems, 2024, https://codepoems.eu/xl-converter/. Web. 06 Apr 2024. ## Slide 563 JacobDev1. “XL Converter”. Code Poems, 2024, https://codepoems.eu/xl-converter/. Web. 06 Apr 2024. ## Slide 581 Monroe, Charlie. “Permute - Media Converter for macOS”. Charlie Monroe Software, 18 Nov. 2022, https://software.charliemonroe.net/permute/. Web. 05 Dec. 2022. ## Slide 587 Permute 3.13.2, 3 June 2025 ## Slide 588 Permute 3.13.2, 3 June 2025 ## Slide 589 Permute 3.13.2, 3 June 2025 ## Slide 590 Permute 3.13.2, 3 June 2025 ## Slide 591 Permute 3.13.2, 3 June 2025 ## Slide 592 Permute 3, 5 Dec. 2022 ## Slide 593 Permute 3, 5 Dec. 2022 ## Slide 594 Permute 3, 5 Dec. 2022 ## Slide 595 Permute 3.13.2, 3 June 2025 ## Slide 603 Realmac Software Limited. “Powerful Batch Photo Editor for Mac - Squash”. Realmac, 21 Nov 2022, https://www.realmacsoftware.com/squash/. Web. 05 Dec 2022. ## Slide 609 NVS ltd. “Bulk Convert Images to WebP (Free & Online)”. To WebP, https://towebp.io/. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 610 NVS ltd. “Bulk Convert Images to WebP (Free & Online)”. To WebP, https://towebp.io/. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 611 NVS ltd. “Bulk Convert Images to WebP (Free & Online)”. To WebP, https://towebp.io/. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 614 “Use Safari web apps on Mac”. Apple. Apple Support, 13 Dec. 2023, https://support.apple.com/en-us/104996. Web. 24 Mar. 2024. ## Slide 615 NVS ltd. “Bulk Convert Images to WebP (Free & Online)”. To WebP, https://towebp.io/. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 616 NVS ltd. “Bulk Convert Images to WebP (Free & Online)”. To WebP, https://towebp.io/. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 619 NVS ltd. “Bulk Convert Images to WebP (Free & Online)”. To WebP, https://towebp.io/. Web. 23 Mar 2024. ## Slide 620 MDN contributors. “”. MDN Web Docs, 6 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Element/svg. Web. 19 Feb 2022. ## Slide 621 MDN contributors. “”. MDN Web Docs, 6 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Element/svg. Web. 19 Feb 2022. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). “SCALABLE VECTOR GRAPHICS (SVG)“. World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 2016, https://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 622 WebSanity. “SVG Image Map”. CodePen, 28 June 2020, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/VwezRqz?editors=1000. Web. 28 June 2020. ## Slide 623 MDN contributors. “”. MDN Web Docs, 6 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Element/svg. Web. 19 Feb 2022. ## Slide 624 WebSanity. “SVG: Linked image”. CodePen, 11 Mar. 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/MWrgZJy?editors=1000. Web. 11 Mar 2022. ## Slide 625 MDN contributors. “”. MDN Web Docs, 6 Feb. 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/SVG/Element/svg. Web. 19 Feb 2022. ## Slide 626 WebSanity. “SVG: Inline image”. CodePen, 11 Mar. 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/zYpOyBN?editors=1100. Web. 11 Mar 2022. ## Slide 627 WebSanity. “SVG: Inline image”. CodePen, 11 Mar. 2022, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/zYpOyBN?editors=1100. Web. 11 Mar 2022. ## Slide 628 “Cthulhu symbol”. Free SVG, 19 Feb 2019, https://freesvg.org/cthulhu-symbol. Web. 25 Feb 2023. Public domain. Modified to match the linked version & to remove unnecessary code. ## Slide 630 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. FIXME: Update screenshots ## Slide 631 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 632 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 633 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 634 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 635 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 636 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 637 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 638 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 639 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 640 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 641 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 642 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 643 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 644 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 645 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 646 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 647 Archibald, Jake. “SVGOMG - SVGO’s Missing GUI”. SVGOMG, 25 Nov. 2021, https://jakearchibald.github.io/svgomg/. Web. 11 Mar. 2022. ## Slide 648 TODO: https://developer.apple.com/documentation/webkit/delivering_video_content_for_safari WHATWG. “4.8.9 The video element”. HTML Living Standard, 4 Apr 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/media.html#the-video-element. Web. 4 Apr 2022. MDN contributors. “: The Document Body element”. MDN Web Docs, 21 Apr 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/body. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 897 WHATWG. “4.3.8 The header element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/sections.html#the-header-element. Web. 8 July 2022. MDN contributors. “

          ”. MDN Web Docs, 17 May 2022, https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/header. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 898 WHATWG. “4.3.8 The header element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/sections.html#the-header-element. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 899 WHATWG. “4.3.8 The header element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/sections.html#the-header-element. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 900 WebSanity. “HTML: header element”. CodePen, 17 Jan. 2024, https://codepen.io/websanity/pen/PoGyzq?editors=1000. Web. 8 July 2022. ## Slide 902 WHATWG. “4.3.9 The footer element”. HTML Living Standard, 8 July 2022, https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/sections.html#the-footer-element. Web. 8 July 2022. MDN contributors. “